This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antibiotics are powerful for fighting infection. But they could create a dangerous imbalance in the gut, where the eradication of harmful bacteria might make room for gut fungi to invade. To find out, researchers analyzed stool samples from 14 healthy participants. Samples were collected over 3 months following a 6-day course of antibiotics. While the bacterial community mostly rebounded over those 3 months, the fungal community shifted from one characterized largely by mutually beneficial interactions (red) to one fraught with competitive interactions (blue) with half of the bacterial-fungal interactions detected before the antibiotic treatment disappearing 3 months later. Metagenomics data revealed that certain bacteria normally help keep opportunistic fungal pathogens like Candida albicans in check. Understanding how could help researchers find ways to restore balance to the gut microbiome following drug treatment or during disease..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Define ecology and the four levels of ecological researchDescribe examples of the ways in which ecology requires the integration of different scientific disciplinesDistinguish between abiotic and biotic components of the environmentRecognize the relationship between abiotic and biotic components of the environment

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the predator-prey cycleGive examples of defenses against predation and herbivoryDescribe the competitive exclusion principleGive examples of symbiotic relationships between speciesDescribe community structure and succession

This Why Files informative page is part of a series that features the narrative of Bob, the bobtail squid. Bob describes the symbiotic relationship formed between his ancestors and the bioluminescent bacteria that offer him protection from predators. The next page in this series describes the relationship from the enslaved bacteria's perspective and features scientist Margaret McFall-Ngai. Links are provided to glossary terms and a bibliography.

Interactions between species are what define ecological communities, and community ecology studies these interactions anywhere they take place. Although interspecies interactions are mostly competitive, competition is pretty dangerous, so a lot of interactions are actually about side-stepping direct competition and instead finding ways to divvy up resources to let species get along. Feel the love?

Chapters:
1) Competitive Exclusion Principle
2) Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
3) Eco-lography / Resource Partitioning
4) Character Displacement
5) Mutualism
6) Commensalism

We will cover fundamentals of ecology, considering Earth as an integrated dynamic system. Topics include coevolution of the biosphere, geosphere, atmosphere and oceans; photosynthesis and respiration; the hydrologic, carbon and nitrogen cycles. We will examine the flow of energy and materials through ecosystems; regulation of the distribution and abundance of organisms; structure and function of ecosystems, including evolution and natural selection; metabolic diversity; productivity; trophic dynamics; models of population growth, competition, mutualism and predation. This course is designated as Communication-Intensive; instruction and practice in oral and written communication provided. Biology is a recommended prerequisite.

We will cover fundamentals of ecology, considering Earth as an integrated dynamic system. Topics include coevolution of the biosphere, geosphere, atmosphere and oceans; photosynthesis and respiration; the hydrologic, carbon and nitrogen cycles. We will examine the flow of energy and materials through ecosystems; regulation of the distribution and abundance of organisms; structure and function of ecosystems, including evolution and natural selection; metabolic diversity; productivity; trophic dynamics; models of population growth, competition, mutualism and predation. This course is designated as Communication-Intensive; instruction and practice in oral and written communication provided. Biology is a recommended prerequisite.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Coral reefs are important ocean ecosystems. However, they have been declining in recent years due to human activities, including elevated nitrate in the water. Corals maintain complex relationships with numerous microbes, including the dinoflagellate algae Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria. To better understand the impact of nitrate on coral and their resident microbes, researchers recently examined coral and microbial gene expression changes in larval Pocillopora damicornis. Under elevated nitrate conditions, the Symbiodiniaceae algae generally hoarded more nutrients for its own growth. Normally Symbiodiniaceae share nutrients with the coral, so this was a shift from a mutualistic relationship to a parasitic one, which led to impaired development in the larval coral. However, the prokaryotic microbes might reduce this negative interaction by restraining Symbiodiniaceae growth, which partially restores coral larval development..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This textbook introduces readers to the idea of cooperation and mutualism. Cooperatives and mutuals are participatory organizations in which members participate in control and governance, receive economic benefits through patronage refunds or net income, and become owners through equity. These mutual-benefit organizations exist alongside non-profit organizations and investor-benefit organizations through the global economy.

Introduction to Sociology 2e adheres to the scope and sequence of a typical, one-semester introductory sociology course. It offers comprehensive coverage of core concepts, foundational scholars, and emerging theories, which are supported by a wealth of engaging learning materials. The textbook presents detailed section reviews with rich questions, discussions that help students apply their knowledge, and features that draw learners into the discipline in meaningful ways. The second edition retains the book’s conceptual organization, aligning to most courses, and has been significantly updated to reflect the latest research and provide examples most relevant to today’s students. In order to help instructors transition to the revised version, the 2e changes are described within the preface.

Understand types of economic systems and their historical developmentDescribe capitalism and socialism both in theory and in practiceDiscussion how functionalists, conflict theorists, and symbolic interactionists view the economy and work

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The clownfish–anemone relationship is a well-known and charismatic example of mutualism. Clownfish excrete nutrients that feed anemones’ symbiotic algae. While anemones’ stinging cells protect clownfish from predators. How clownfish protect themselves from getting stung is unclear, but “chemical camouflage” of the fish’s skin mucus is thought to play a role, possibly through changes in the mucus microbiome. A recent metataxonomics study investigated whether clownfish and anemones can change each other’s surface microbiomes with or without physical contact. The researchers found that the microbiomes of paired clownfish and anemones began to converge, becoming more similar with time, even when the animals were not in direct contact. The microbiome convergence persisted for two weeks after the clownfish and anemone in each pair were separated, and the changes mainly involved the increase in abundance of three Flavobacteriacea bacterial strains related to Cellulophaga tyrosinoxydans..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Plants form a close bond with a vast range of microorganisms. In fact, this microbiome could be viewed as an extended phenotype of the plant genome enhancing plants’ ability to cope with environmental stress. To understand this connection, researchers recently examined the microbiome of the model legume Medicago truncatula. They found that bacterial diversity decreased between external and internal plant compartments and that microbiome composition was shaped by strong interactions between compartment type, soil, and plant genotype with the microbial composition of external compartments driven by soil origin and the microbial composition of internal compartments driven by host genetics. All compartments were dominated by Ensifer, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form root nodule symbiosis with M. truncatula..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Hello and welcome to our lesson on symbiotic relationships! This lesson is directed towards students in grades 9-12 and will cover the different types of symbiotic relationships, how symbiotic relationships work, and why symbiotic relationships are important. This lesson includes a slide deck and two activities, one at the beginning and one at the end. A potential script with talking points for each topic and instructions for the activities can be found in the speaker notes on each slide. For even more information on the subject, our sources are provided in the speaker notes and at the end of the slide show presentation. This lesson is free to use for all! The lesson is licensed under CC-BY-SA but, no need to fear. This simply means that we ask you to give credit to the creators (Greta Achenbach, Matt Cochran, Madelaine Freitas, and Kaleigh Walsh). Feel free to share and adapt this presentation to suit your needs. Just make sure that any derivative works are shared under the same license. Enjoy! 

Travel underground for an up-close look at the ants, amoebas, and bacteria that maintain healthy soil.