This open textbook is adapted from OpenStax’s Anatomy and Physiology for Carmen Bott’s KINS 1100 (Biodynamics of Physical Activity) class at Langara College. Sections have been omitted from the original textbook to reflect the KINS 1100 curriculum, but the content is otherwise unchanged.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Patellar tendinopathy, or jumper’s knee, is a common injury in athletes of all skill levels. Aside from causing pain and dysfunction, the condition can be costly for individuals and sports teams. Physical therapy is critical, but consistently effective treatment regimens remain elusive. Regenerative therapy is one promising alternative, as platelet-rich plasma injection and cultured stem cell injection have been shown to repair other types of damaged tissue. To explore the benefits for jumper’s knee, researchers compared these two treatments in patients with patellar tendinopathy. The findings, reported in _The American Journal of Sports Medicine_, suggest that cultured stem cell injection is a particularly promising option for functional and structural healing. The researchers examined 20 male patients with patellar tendinopathy that had lasted for at least 4 months, was unresponsive to nonsurgical treatments, and featured lesions larger than 3 mm..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Many young athletes will at some point face shoulder instability – a painful condition that can lead to repeated episodes of shoulder dislocation, which often requires surgical repair. Despite being a common diagnosis, however, many important details regarding the patient characteristics and circumstances that lead to shoulder instability aren’t well known. Now, a team of researchers based in the US has taken a fresh look at the data collected in the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network clinical trial, or MOON trial, to get a better idea of what groups are at highest risk for injury and describe the most common features of the condition. The MOON trial, an ongoing effort being conducted at 10 sites across America, aims to learn what factors are tied to good outcomes after surgery for shoulder instability. By investigating the demographics of those enrolled in the trial, the researchers uncovered important epidemiological information regarding the condition..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new study suggests that early ACL reconstruction surgery delays secondary injury to the knee meniscus compared with delayed surgery or nonsurgical treatment. The findings are published in _The_ _American Journal of Sports Medicine_. The anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, is an important stabilizing structure in the knee. Injury to the ACL places additional stress on neighboring knee structures, such as the meniscus, increasing the risk of secondary injury. However, it’s unclear whether the type and timing of ACL reconstruction affect the risk of subsequent meniscal injury. To find out, researchers recently used machine learning to compare the risk and timing of secondary meniscal injury among patients whose ACL injuries were treated nonsurgically, with early reconstruction surgery, or with delayed reconstruction surgery. There was no significant difference in the overall occurrence of secondary meniscal injury in the patients who were treated with versus without surgery..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Many factors influence recovery from surgical ACL reconstruction, and defining these is key to achieving the best outcomes. While the elements linked to surgical success in adult populations are well defined, they aren’t so clear for younger patients. New research from the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York suggests that for these patients, age matters when it comes to protecting the knee. That conclusion stems from an evaluation of 324 athletes under 20 years of age who underwent ACL reconstruction following a sports injury. A key consideration when operating on this group is minimizing the risk of growth disturbances. Children and young adolescents haven’t reached skeletal maturity, which has led to the development of age-specific surgical techniques. Researchers compared several of these approaches among groups divided based on skeletal age, school age distribution, surgical technique, and graft selection. Clinical follow-up was performed for at least 2 years..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A tear in the knee meniscus can cause this shock-absorbing structure to shift from its normal position. A new study on pig knees suggests that even a small degree of meniscal displacement can have a big impact on meniscal load transmission, increasing stress to the knee joint. The findings are published in _The American Journal of Sports Medicine_. Tears of the lateral meniscus, or LM, are common sports injuries. Associated meniscal displacement is sometimes visible on MRI, which can aid in diagnosis of a tear. However, it’s not clear how the amount of displacement is related to the severity of the tear or to the degree of load transmission impairment. To help clarify these relationships, researchers used a robotic system to assess eight pig knees before and after radial LM tears were created. The system applied a 300-Newton axial load to each knee at 30° and 60° of flexion..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Can athletes’ ACLs be “trained” to resist injury? A new study published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine suggests that it’s possible. Studies on animals have shown that exercise during growth periods like puberty can “bulk up” the ACL, increasing its size and improving its mechanical properties. However, evidence of so-called “ACL hypertrophy” in human athletes is scarce. To address this gap, researchers examined the knees of 52 athletes who had been skating or diving since before puberty or since puberty onset. These types of athletes always land or jump up using the same leg, which the researchers labeled as the “dominant leg,” and thus habitually load one knee more than the other while training for their sport. Specifically, the team compared ACL and patellar tendon dimensions and knee strength between the left and right knees. They also examined how differences in ACL dimensions between knees correlated with age at training onset and with the number of years of training..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

In this lesson, students learn the phases of bone and tissue healing. Students will research factors that can affect the healing process. The research acquired will be incorporated within a player injury profile.This lesson 2 of 4 is a part of a injury management project.  In lesson one "Injury Recognition, Treatment, and Prognosis", students research demographics, past medical history, injury mechanism, structure(s) involved, signs and symptoms of an athlete who has presented with an injury.  In this lesson, students learn the phases of bone and soft tissue healing and factors that can affect healing. Also, students research specific factors that did or could affect their chosen athlete.

In this lesson, students learn about psychological variables that can affect athletic performance. Students will also be able to identify strategies to help athletes cope with stresses. The knowledge acquired will be incorporated within a player injury profile. This lesson 3 of 4 is a part of a injury management project.In this lesson students learn the basic terminology related to sports psychology and psychological variables that can affect athletic performance. Students will be able to understand coping strategies to help athletes deal with sport related stresses. The activities used to aid in understanding of sports psychology will be a lecture and video and article response writing along with  group discussion to athletes dealing with psychological barriers and how they cope with them.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new preclinical animal model study has identified biomarker panels that might be useful predictors and indicators of outcomes after meniscus allograft transplantation, or MAT. These biomarkers may enable real-time assessment of graft survival after surgery. The findings are published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine. Meniscal tears and degeneration—or partial meniscectomy surgeries intended to alleviate these issues—can cause meniscal deficiency. In meniscal deficiency, lack of a complete meniscus increases stress to the knee joint, contributing to pain, dysfunction, and osteoarthritis. Restoring the meniscus through strategies like MAT can prevent these issues. However, there are currently no methods for predicting and evaluating MAT graft success or failure in real time. To help develop such a method, researchers searched for biomarkers of MAT outcomes in a dog model. First, they induced meniscal deficiency in dogs through arthroscopic medial meniscal release surgery..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new study suggests that in children and adolescents with first-time patellar dislocation and an associated loose body, reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament, or MPFL, is more beneficial than repair or no treatment related to the ligament at the time of surgery for the loose body. First-time dislocation of the patella, or kneecap, and resulting MPFL injuries are usually treated nonoperatively. However, recurrent dislocation occurs in over one-third of patients. In addition, among pediatric patients, about half of dislocations create a loose piece of bone or cartilage known as a loose body. Most patients experience recurrent instability if the loose bodies are removed or fixed without reconstruction of the MPFL. But because MPFL reconstruction carries some risk, the best treatment for young patients remains controversial..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new study suggests that after failure of revision ACL reconstruction, a second revision surgery results in better knee function than nonsurgical management—although both treatment strategies are associated with a high rate of return to sport. The findings are published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine. Tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, is a common sports injury. It’s usually treated with ACL reconstruction surgery. However, in some patients, particularly young and active patients, the surgical graft ruptures and requires revision ACL reconstruction. And a subset of these patients experience another rupture after the revision. It has remained unclear whether a second revision ACL reconstruction or nonsurgical management results in better outcomes for these patients. To find out, the new study followed 41 patients with a failed first revision ACL reconstruction, 31 of whom underwent a second revision surgery and 10 of whom chose nonsurgical management..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Different Types of StretchesStaticDynamicPNFLower Extremity StretchesHamstringGroinGlutePiriformisIlliotibial BandHip FlexorRectus FemorisQuadButterflyVictory StretchUpper Extremity StretchesWarm up AbductionCross BodyOverheadIR (forward flexion & scaption)Chicken WingSerratusBicepRhombiod All fours