This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When modern 3D printing was invented in the early 1980s, few could have predicted the influence it has today. At no other time in history has it been this easy to transform a sketch into the real thing. And while that feat has proven immensely useful for constructing complex machines, it is unlikely more meaningful anywhere else today than in the field of biomedicine. With the ability to churn out standard or custom prosthetics, devices, and even test models, the 3D printing of biomaterials is revolutionizing medical care. One of the greatest conveniences afforded by biomedical 3D printing is the ability to manufacture parts on demand. Common load-bearing prosthetics, such as those for knee or hip replacements, no longer have to be built in bulk and benched before use. Virtually stored print files can be called upon and processed into parts as soon as they are needed in the clinic, with the printing material and method suited to the part’s function and placement..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Scientists have long thought that anesthetic drugs might protect the brain during a stroke, but there was no way to rigorously test this idea because triggering strokes in animals requires the use of anesthesia. But now, a team of neuroengineers in China has come up with a work-around. Using lasers and a photosensitive dye, researchers set off strokes without needing to put animals to sleep, allowing them to finally disentangle the role of anesthetics on these often devastating events. The team first installed cranial windows in 22 rats to provide access to a critical artery in the brain. A day later, the neuroscientists injected the rats with a photosensitive dye. Then, by shining a laser on that artery, they could activate the dye to begin clotting, prompting an ischemic stroke -- without having to anesthetize first. Using this method, the researchers triggered strokes in two groups of rats. Half received the anesthetic isoflurane and were asleep, while the other half did not, and were awake..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Among patients undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery, a high-grade pivot shift before surgery is widely considered to confer an increased risk of graft rupture and persistent instability after surgery. But what are the risk factors for high-grade pivot shifts themselves? A new study published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine reports injury to anterolateral structures as the most important risk factor for high-grade pivot shifts in patients suffering ACL injuries. The pivot shift test is the most specific physical exam for diagnosing ACL injuries. The examiner applies inward pressure on the lateral thigh with one hand while internally rotating the lower leg as the knee is flexed from a fully extended position. The presence of a pivot shift is indicated by an abrupt forward shift of the tibia back to its normal anatomical position. This shift is graded between 1 and 3 according International Knee Documentation Committee criteria, with 1 and 2 considered low grade, and 3 considered high grade..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This course presents the fundamentals of digital signal processing with particular emphasis on problems in biomedical research and clinical medicine. It covers principles and algorithms for processing both deterministic and random signals. Topics include data acquisition, imaging, filtering, coding, feature extraction, and modeling. The focus of the course is a series of labs that provide practical experience in processing physiological data, with examples from cardiology, speech processing, and medical imaging. The labs are done in MATLAB® during weekly lab sessions that take place in an electronic classroom. Lectures cover signal processing topics relevant to the lab exercises, as well as background on the biological signals processed in the labs.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Patellar tendinopathy, or jumper’s knee, is a common injury in athletes of all skill levels. Aside from causing pain and dysfunction, the condition can be costly for individuals and sports teams. Physical therapy is critical, but consistently effective treatment regimens remain elusive. Regenerative therapy is one promising alternative, as platelet-rich plasma injection and cultured stem cell injection have been shown to repair other types of damaged tissue. To explore the benefits for jumper’s knee, researchers compared these two treatments in patients with patellar tendinopathy. The findings, reported in _The American Journal of Sports Medicine_, suggest that cultured stem cell injection is a particularly promising option for functional and structural healing. The researchers examined 20 male patients with patellar tendinopathy that had lasted for at least 4 months, was unresponsive to nonsurgical treatments, and featured lesions larger than 3 mm..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This lesson discusses the result of a charge being subject to both electric and magnetic fields at the same time. It covers the Hall effect, velocity selector, and the charge to mass ratio. Given several sample problems, students learn to calculate the Hall Voltage dependent upon the width of the plate, the drift velocity, and the strength of the magnetic field. Then students learn to calculate the velocity selector, represented by the ratio of the magnitude of the fields assuming the strength of each field is known. Finally, students proceed through a series of calculations to arrive at the charge to mass ratio. A homework set is included as an evaluation of student progress.

This course has been designed as a seminar to give students an understanding of how scientists with medical or scientific degrees conduct research in both hospital and academic settings. There will be interactive discussions with research clinicians and scientists about the career opportunities and research challenges in the biomedical field, which an MIT student might prepare for by obtaining an MD, PhD, or combined degrees. The seminar will be held in a case presentation format, with topics chosen from the radiological sciences, including current research in magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and other nuclear imaging techniques, and advances in radiation therapy. With the lectures as background, we will also examine alternative and related options such as biomedical engineering, medical physics, and medical engineering. We’ll use as examples and points of comparisons the curriculum paths available through MIT’s Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering. In past years we have given very modest assignments such as readings in advance of or after a seminar, and a short term project.

This course is offered during the Independent Activities Period (IAP), which is a special 4-week term at MIT that runs from the first week of January until the end of the month.
This survey course is intended to review memory and its impact on our lives. Memories make us who we are, and make us what we are going to become. The loss of memory in amnesia can cause us to lose ourselves.
Memory provides a bridge between past and present. Through memory, past sensations, feelings, and ideas that have dropped from conscious awareness can be subsequently recovered to guide current thought and action. In this manner, memory allows us to locate our car in the parking lot at the end of the day or guides us to avoid retelling the same joke to the same friend. This seminar will focus on how memories are created and controlled such that we are able to remember the past. Recent insights from non-human electrophysiological and human brain imaging research will be emphasized.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Much research on epilepsy treatment has focused on properly identifying the epileptogenic zone, the area of the brain where a seizure initiates. This zone, previous studies have found, can potentially be recognized by high-frequency activity, or “fast activity,” that occurs in a brain area right after seizure onset. However, this method does not accurately delineate the epileptogenic zone from other normal brain tissues. A new paper published in Human Brain Mapping examines how a different marker, or “fingerprint,” can be used to accurately identify the epileptogenic zone, whether this fingerprint can be seen in different types of brainwaves, and, finally, how the method compares to using fast activity. The study builds on a previous paper published by the authors, in which the fingerprint itself was identified as a specific pattern of brain activity observed in seizure patients..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new report published in Arthritis & Rheumatology suggests that cardiovascular disease affects patients with systemic lupus erythematosus much earlier than previously thought – in some cases even before active lupus sets in. The finding was reported by a team of researchers based in China who have been working on validating the use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect the early manifestations of cardiac impairment. With heart disease being the leading cause of death in patients with SLE, the ability to detect very early signs of cardiac dysfunction in this group could one day lay a foundation for enhanced preventive strategies. Traditional cardiac MRI approaches like late gadolinium enhancement don’t perform well in detecting early indications of heart disease, such as disturbances in myocardial extracellular volume. Missing these early warning signs could hide the fact that heart disease has set in and potentially complicate treatment efforts..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Students use a simple set up consisting of a current carrying wire and a magnet to explore the forces which enable biomedical imaging. In doing so, students run a current through a wire and then hold magnets in various positions to establish and explore the magnetic force acting on the wire. They move the magnets and change the current in the wire to explore how the force changes.

This team-taught multidisciplinary course provides information relevant to the conduct and interpretation of human brain mapping studies. It begins with in-depth coverage of the physics of image formation, mechanisms of image contrast, and the physiological basis for image signals. Parenchymal and cerebrovascular neuroanatomy and application of sophisticated structural analysis algorithms for segmentation and registration of functional data are discussed. Additional topics include: fMRI experimental design including block design, event related and exploratory data analysis methods, and building and applying statistical models for fMRI data; and human subject issues including informed consent, institutional review board requirements and safety in the high field environment.

Additional Faculty
Div Bolar
Dr. Bradford Dickerson
Dr. John Gabrieli
Dr. Doug Greve
Dr. Karl Helmer
Dr. Dara Manoach
Dr. Jason Mitchell
Dr. Christopher Moore
Dr. Vitaly Napadow
Dr. Jon Polimeni
Dr. Sonia Pujol
Dr. Bruce Rosen
Dr. Mert Sabuncu
Dr. David Salat
Dr. Robert Savoy
Dr. David Somers
Dr. A. Gregory Sorensen
Dr. Christina Triantafyllou
Dr. Wim Vanduffel
Dr. Mark Vangel
Dr. Lawrence Wald
Dr. Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
Dr. Anastasia Yendiki

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Early-onset knee osteoarthritis is commonly observed after ACL reconstruction, and may be attributable to residual abnormal joint mechanics following surgery. Graft tunnel placement is a surgical factor that may affect internal knee joint mechanics, and thereby joint health. In this study, researchers from the University of Wisconsin used a combination of MRI and computational modeling to assess the consequences of graft placement on the loading of cartilage in the knee. The findings, reported in the _American Journal of Sports Medicine_, highlight the aspects of graft placement that surgeons should most closely consider to restore normal mechanics during ACL reconstruction. MRI measurements were performed to assess the ACL tunnel location and graft angle in the knees of 18 participants who had undergone ACL reconstruction. A clinical laxity test was performed on each subject following the completion of post-surgery physical therapy..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This lesson introduces the MRI Safety Grand Challenge question. Students are asked to write journal responses to the question and brainstorm what information they will need to answer the question. The ideas are shared with the class and recorded. Students then watch a video interview with a real life researcher to gain a professional perspective on MRI safety and brainstorm any additional ideas. The associated activity provides students the opportunity to visualize magnetic fields.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"One of the goals of ACL reconstruction surgery is to eliminate anterolateral rotational laxity of the knee. Biomechanical studies have shown that rotational control of the knee is largely controlled by the iliotibial band—specifically, the Kaplan fibers that anchor the band to the distal femur. Despite this critical connection, it remains unclear how often the iliotibial band and Kaplan fibers are compromised in association with ACL injury. To find out, researchers examined data for 267 patients with ACL-injured knees undergoing reconstruction surgery. They analyzed MRI scans to determine the extent of Kaplan fiber injury, and correlated those findings with the grade of pivot shift reported by the surgeon before the procedure. Only 47 patients, or approximately 18% of all patients, showed a Kaplan fiber injury. The majority of patients in the intact and injured Kaplan fiber groups had a grade-2 pivot shift. While only about 5% of all patients had a grade-3 pivot shift..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Students are given an engineering challenge: A nearby hospital has just installed a new magnetic resonance imaging facility that has the capacity to make 3D images of the brain and other body parts by exposing patients to a strong magnetic field. The hospital wishes for its entire staff to have a clear understanding of the risks involved in working near a strong magnetic field and a basic understanding of why those risks occur. Your task is to develop a presentation or pamphlet explaining the risks, the physics behind those risks, and the safety precautions to be taken by all staff members. This 10-lesson/4-activity unit was designed to provide hands-on activities to teach end-of-year electricity and magnetism topics to a first-year accelerated or AP physics class. Students learn about and then apply the following science concepts to solve the challenge: magnetic force, magnetic moments and torque, the Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law and Faraday's law. This module is built around the Legacy Cycle, a format that incorporates findings from educational research on how people best learn.

This course is an introduction to basic NMR theory. Examples of biochemical data obtained using NMR are summarized along with other related experiments. Students participate in detailed study of NMR imaging techniques, including discussions of basic cross-sectional image reconstruction, image contrast, flow and real-time imaging, and hardware design considerations. Exposure to laboratory NMR spectroscopic and imaging equipment is included.

This lesson ties the preceding lessons together and brings students back to the grand challenge question on MRI safety. During this lesson, students focus on the logistics of magnetic resonance imaging as well as the MRI hardware. Students can then integrate this knowledge with their acquired knowledge on magnetic fields to solve the challenge question.

This lesson begins with a demonstration of the deflection of an electron beam. Students then review their knowledge of the cross product and the right hand rule with sample problems. After which, students study the magnetic force on a charged particle as compared to the electric force. The following lecture material covers the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field with respect to the direction of the field. Finally, students apply these concepts to understand the magnetic force on a current carrying wire. Its associated activity allows students to further explore the force on a current carrying wire.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Can athletes’ ACLs be “trained” to resist injury? A new study published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine suggests that it’s possible. Studies on animals have shown that exercise during growth periods like puberty can “bulk up” the ACL, increasing its size and improving its mechanical properties. However, evidence of so-called “ACL hypertrophy” in human athletes is scarce. To address this gap, researchers examined the knees of 52 athletes who had been skating or diving since before puberty or since puberty onset. These types of athletes always land or jump up using the same leg, which the researchers labeled as the “dominant leg,” and thus habitually load one knee more than the other while training for their sport. Specifically, the team compared ACL and patellar tendon dimensions and knee strength between the left and right knees. They also examined how differences in ACL dimensions between knees correlated with age at training onset and with the number of years of training..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.