This class analyzes complex biological processes from the molecular, cellular, extracellular, and organ levels of hierarchy. Emphasis is placed on the basic biochemical and biophysical principles that govern these processes. Examples of processes to be studied include chemotaxis, the fixation of nitrogen into organic biological molecules, growth factor and hormone mediated signaling cascades, and signaling cascades leading to cell death in response to DNA damage. In each case, the availability of a resource, or the presence of a stimulus, results in some biochemical pathways being turned on while others are turned off. The course examines the dynamic aspects of these processes and details how biochemical mechanistic themes impinge on molecular/cellular/tissue/organ-level functions. Chemical and quantitative views of the interplay of multiple pathways as biological networks are emphasized. Student work culminates in the preparation of a unique grant application in an area of biological networks.

Anatomy and Physiology is a dynamic textbook for the two-semester human anatomy and physiology course for life science and allied health majors. The book is organized by body system and covers standard scope and sequence requirements. Its lucid text, strategically constructed art, career features, and links to external learning tools address the critical teaching and learning challenges in the course. The web-based version of Anatomy and Physiology also features links to surgical videos, histology, and interactive diagrams.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In lactating mammals, the mammary glands are responsible for milk production and secretion. Low energy levels in mammary gland cells are known to reduce milk synthesis by activating AMPK, an energy-sensing protein. However, the exact mechanism by which energy status affects lactation efficiency isn’t clear. To learn more, researchers recently examined AMPK’s role in milk synthesis in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Energy (glucose) deficiency indeed activated AMPK, which reduced milk fat and protein synthesis in the cells. AMPK inhibited milk production partly by inhibiting the classic mTORC1 signaling pathway, but it primarily reduced milk protein synthesis by blocking the signaling pathway of the lactation hormone prolactin. Specifically, AMPK triggered degradation of the prolactin receptor (PrlR) in lysosomes to halt prolactin signaling..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.