Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how signaling pathways direct protein expression, cellular metabolism, and cell growthIdentify the function of PKC in signal transduction pathwaysRecognize the role of apoptosis in the development and maintenance of a healthy organism

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In many cell types, growth factor stimulation triggers the formation of structures called circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs). CDRs are large, rounded ruffles on the upper cell membrane that serve as platforms for PI3K–PIP3–AKT protein signaling and probably play a role in cell growth. CDRs are present in some types of cancer cells, but it’s unclear whether they contribute to cancer development. To find out, researchers recently treated six cancer cell lines and one normal cell line with two growth factors: epidermal growth factor and insulin. Both growth factors induced CDR formation in the Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma line, but not in normal liver cells, other hepatocellular carcinoma cells, breast cancer cells, or pancreatic cancer cells. Closer analysis confirmed that growth factor receptor proteins were recruited to the CDRs and that the PI3K–PIP3–AKT pathway was activated at the ruffles..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Meniscal tears are one of the most frequent knee injuries and the most common pathology leading to arthroscopic surgery in the United States. It’s no surprise, then, that there’s been a lot of research into how repairing these injuries affects joint kinematics and biomechanics. But meniscal injury also causes changes on the microscopic scale, in the joint microenvironment. Tracking these changes could provide important clues into the cellular processes that promote the development of conditions like post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Researchers from the NYU Langone Orthopedic Center are using synovial fluid biomarkers to take a closer look at this link. The team evaluated 41 patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery to treat a symptomatic, unilateral meniscal injury. Synovial fluid samples were collected at the time of surgery from both the operative and contralateral knee. The concentrations of 10 synovial fluid biomarkers were then compared between knees..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Tumor cells create an environment that fosters growth by communicating with surrounding tumor and non-tumor cells. Understanding and ultimately disrupting this communication is the goal of many emerging anticancer strategies. A recent study recently examined how the oncogene YAP orchestrates cellular communication during the formation of liver tumors. Researchers identified several secreted factors that are induced by YAP to adjust cell-cell communication in support of tumor growth. One of these, a protein known as PAI-1, regulates the expression of factors associated with cellular senescence and was found to be linked to poor clinical outcomes in patients with liver cancer. Experiments showed that YAP, with the help of a separate protein (TEAD4), controls PAI-1 expression and secretion ultimately generating a tumor-supportive microenvironment..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.