This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Penile circumcision dramatically reduces the risk of contracting HIV-1. This protection likely has multiple physical and biological mechanisms, and understanding these mechanisms could lead to non-surgical interventions to reduce HIV-1 transmission. Thus, researchers examined the microbiota and immune milieu before and after elective circumcision in two key areas. The coronal sulcus (CS), which is exposed to the air by foreskin removal and the urethra, which is thought to be the primary site of penile HIV-1 infection in circumcised men. The CS showed a dramatic decrease in pro-inflammatory anaerobic bacteria after circumcision, as well as significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Circumcision also altered the urethral microbiota. However — in contrast to the CS — there were few changes to the urethral immune profile..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Liver ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of liver transplant failure. Such injuries involve many inflammatory processes and activate liver macrophages. Activation of the Notch1 protein and the Notch pathway modulate inflammatory responses, but the exact molecular mechanisms at play are not yet understood. To narrow this gap, a recent study investigated macrophage Notch1 in a mouse model of liver IRI. Liver ischemia and reperfusion activated the Notch1 protein in liver macrophages, and knocking out the Notch1 gene from macrophage precursors worsened the damage and increased inflammation. Macrophage Notch1 deficiency also inhibited the expression of β-catenin. This led to a TAK1-mediated inflammatory response and RIK3-mediated hepatocyte necroptosis, a type of inflammatory cell rupture. Restoring Notch1 to macrophages using lentivirus alleviated the liver damage in this knockout model and reduced some of the inflammatory response..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multifunctional cells with the ability to reduce inflammation and repair tissue when injected directly. But MSC use is controversial, especially in patients with cancer or in cancer remission, as MSCs can release growth factors that can promote tumor growth. Fortunately, new research is showing that certain MSC contents can exert targeted beneficial effects without these drawbacks, most notably, microRNAs packaged inside exosomes. These loaded exosomes can accumulate at sites of tissue damage, and many studies suggest that MSC exosomes can be applied to cancer therapy, gene therapy, drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and other biomedical applications. Further research could reveal new and more effective ways of packaging and transferring exosomes from MSCs to recipient cells, and thereby lead to new methods of treating and monitoring various diseases..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Fetal cell-derived exosomes are known to induce inflammatory changes in maternal decidual and myometrial cells to signal parturition. However, maternal cell-derived exosomes and their effects on fetal cells are not well understood. To learn more, researchers recently characterized exosomes from decidual and myometrial cells grown under normal or oxidative stress/inflammatory conditions and assessed these exosomes’ impacts on fetal amnion epithelial cells (AECs) and chorion trophoblast cells (CTCs). The exosomes from both maternal cell types were round and expressed exosome markers. Neither exosome size nor quantity differed between the control group and the groups treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or TNF-α. Numerous proteins were common to all kinds of exosomes, while others were associated with exosomes from a specific cell type or treatment group. Compared with control exosomes, exosomes from exposed maternal cells increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from fetal cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This sequence explores the elements of innate and acquired immune defense mecahnisms, the cells involved, their development and maturation, and biomolecular cellular communication mechanisms required to successfully fight off infection.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Melanoma is a dangerous skin cancer that can quickly become resistant to treatment, in part through interactions between cancer cells and their surroundings. For example, melanoma cells can secrete factors that activate fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment, and the resulting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) facilitate cancer progression. However, the exact interactions between melanoma cells and CAFs remain unclear. To learn more, researchers recently cultured normal human fibroblasts with melanoma cells or melanoma-secreted proteins in vitro. They confirmed that the normal fibroblasts became CAFs with enhanced migration, invasion, and matrix protein degradation abilities, which are properties that facilitate cancer progression. The levels of immune molecules called cytokines and proteins related to blood vessel formation were also upregulated in the CAFs, and secretion of lactate, a common end product of cancer cell metabolism, was increased..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Synovitis is one of the most common and serious musculoskeletal diseases in horses, causing osteoarthritis and lameness. While available pharmaceutical treatments can reduce joint pain and inflammation, they are expensive and unable to prevent disease progression. Recently, researchers have started looking toward fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) for the development of new treatment options. FLS are cells that produce lubricating proteins to protect cartilage from injury, But they lose their protective features and begin to produce inflammatory chemicals in horses with synovitis and ultimately cause the failure of the FLS mitochondrial machinery, cell death, and joint degeneration. A team of researchers thus transferred healthy mitochondria from immune cells into FLS to determine whether doing so could restore FLS function. They found decreases in cell proliferation and death after mitochondrial transfer as well as a reduction in the production of inflammatory proteins..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Mesenchymal stromal cells, or MSCs, regulate many functions critical to maintaining organ health. They do so by sending and receiving biochemical signals across short and long distances. How this signaling function is altered by disease, however, remains unclear. In a recent study, researchers examined how obesity in mice affects the signaling functions of MSCs from fat tissue and bone marrow. The proteins secreted by MSCs in mice fed a normal diet play a role in detoxification activity in response to toxic substances and drugs. They are also involved in bone, cartilage and fat development. Further analyses revealed that mouse MSCs participate in two major signaling pathways: platelet degranulation, where signaling molecules wrapped up in granules are deployed to regulate blood clotting and inflammation; and the insulin-like growth factor pathway, which regulates cell proliferation, survival, and metabolism. Comparing proteins secreted by MSCs in normal vs. obese mice revealed key differences..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Over the years, anesthesia has become safer. But surgical morbidity and mortality have barely budged. One of the most persistent challenges is acute kidney injury, or AKI, which occurs in 20 to 40 percent of high-risk surgical patients. Writing in the journal Anesthesiology, researchers from the University of Texas review the latest progress in understanding and treating perioperative AKI. Prior to 2004, there were more than 35 definitions of AKI. A more formalized classification system known as RIFLE created a standard definition. Since then, other systems have emphasized small changes in serum creatinine, and since 2012, the primary system has been Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. AKI is most common in cardiac surgery, but is also frequently observed in thoracic, orthopedic, and vascular surgeries. Risk factors include advanced age, high blood pressure, diabetes, and being African American. Increasingly, it has become clear that AKI isn’t limited to the kidney..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a deadly illness characterized by persistent lung inflammation. This inflammation is commonly triggered by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS activates the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines by binding TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4), which activates NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB). To understand the exact signaling mechanisms, researchers focused on two potentially involved proteins, ezrin and ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase). Ezrin is a cross-linking protein that has been previously implicated in the activation of TLR4 signaling during LPS challenge, and ROCK is a kinase that may regulate the activity of ezrin-related proteins via phosphorylation. In cultured pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells, LPS induced ezrin phosphorylation, but this could be inhibited by blocking RhoA/ROCK..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Osteoporosis, a disease that causes bone loss, currently affects more than 200 million people worldwide. While anti-osteoporosis drugs do exist, they tend to produce complicated side effects. That has scientists exploring various molecular pathways in search of viable therapeutic targets, namely pathways related to the signaling molecule STAT3. STAT3 plays important roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival and is proving to be critical in regulating bone remodeling processes. STAT3 regulates both bone formation and breakdown through an array of signaling cytokines, transmembrane proteins, and cytoplasmic proteins. Research is revealing different ways of targeting STAT3 signaling to fight osteoporosis. These include STAT3-sensitive drugs such as the natural products catalpol and methylsulfonylmethane, microRNAs that regulate bone homeostasis, and different families of cells, including immature blood cells, white blood cells, and immune cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The COVID-19 outbreak is a devastating ongoing pandemic. Most patients experience mild symptoms, but some develop severe disease. An even smaller subset of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, which has high mortality. To unravel the molecular mechanisms at play, researchers retroactively examined clinical records from patients with confirmed COVID-19. They found that severe cases had increased levels of inflammatory damage markers and lower T cell numbers – including total T cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells – than moderate cases. Analysis of public single-cell RNA-seq data revealed severe cases had increased clonal expansion of macrophages and highlighted that high-TREM2-expressing macrophages were dramatically enriched in moderate cases of COVID-19. Cell communication analysis suggested that high-TREM2 macrophages drive ligand-receptor cross talk, which may contribute to the exhaustion of CD8+ cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

One semester animal and plant tissue culture upper level biotechnology course designed primarily for visual instruction. Unit 1, Cells, has 7 animations and 2 videos. Unit 2, Animal TC, has 2 mandatory virtual labs and 1 mandatory biosafety training tutorial (highlighted in red), 20 videos and 8 articles. Unit 3, Plant TC, has 12 videos and 4 articles. Videos are highlighted in blue, articles in green and animations in yellow.
Smyth 2017 BT375 WSU

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Farmed chickens often suffer from intestinal inflammation which negatively affects their feed intake, digestion, and growth performance. The gut microbial community has a known close relationship with growth performance, but how, or if, this microbiota influences intestinal inflammation is not yet known. To test this, researchers examined the microbiota in young chickens, focusing on the jejunum section of the gut. They found that 7-week-old chickens with high body weight tended to have a microbiota dominated by gram-positive bacteria, like Lactobacilli. But lower-body-weight chickens had a microbiota dominated by gram-negative bacteria, like Escherichia-Shigella. Gram-negative bacteria carry endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), and consequently, these lower body weight chickens had more of it in their bloodstream. These elevated lipopolysaccharide levels activated inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum, causing damage to the gut barrier..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Chronic rhinosinusitis is one of the most common diseases among humans, affecting approximately 12% of the adult population globally. It is characterized by inflammation of the nasal cavity and sinuses, causing facial pressure and pain as well as long-term loss of smell. Benign masses called nasal polyps can also develop and cause chronic nasal obstruction, but the exact cause of this disease is unknown. Recent research has indicated that toxins produced by the bacterium _Staphylococcus aureus_, particularly enterotoxin B (SEB), may play an important role. SEB is thought to stimulate the immune system by activating proteins such as toll-like receptor 2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and by causing reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This inflammatory response may then disrupt the integrity of the epithelial cells in the nose and sinuses..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.