This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"It’s a feared moment for every scientist: the discovery that years of painstaking research has led to results that can't be repeated. Many think that poorly characterized antibodies have contributed to this reproducibility crisis more than any other laboratory tool. A new study published in Molecular Cell supports this hypothesis, at least in the context of chromatin immunoprecipitation. Although accurate ChIP interpretation depends on near-perfect antibody specificity, the report shows that many of these reagents are far less capable than their advertising suggests, which calls into question several widely accepted paradigms on genomic regulation. The study focused on histone post-translational modifications; specifically all three methylation states of lysine 4 on histone H3. Through ChIP experiments, H3K4 methylation has been strongly linked to transcriptional control..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the structure of eukaryotic cellsCompare animal cells with plant cellsState the role of the plasma membraneSummarize the functions of the major cell organelles

The goal of this course is to teach both the fundamentals of nuclear cell biology as well as the methodological and experimental approaches upon which they are based. Lectures and class discussions will cover the background and fundamental findings in a particular area of nuclear cell biology. The assigned readings will provide concrete examples of the experimental approaches and logic used to establish these findings. Some examples of topics include genome and systems biology, transcription, and gene expression.

LEARNING OUTCOMESDifferentiate between two kinds of chromosomes: autosomes and sex chromosomesUnderstand how DNA is protected and compacted inside cells

The course focuses on casting contemporary problems in systems biology and functional genomics in computational terms and providing appropriate tools and methods to solve them. Topics include genome structure and function, transcriptional regulation, and stem cell biology in particular; measurement technologies such as microarrays (expression, protein-DNA interactions, chromatin structure); statistical data analysis, predictive and causal inference, and experiment design. The emphasis is on coupling problem structures (biological questions) with appropriate computational approaches.

This course will explore the current frontiers of the world of RNA biology with primary research papers to trace how the original odd detail sometimes leads to major discoveries. As we discuss the different transcripts and processing events that enable this exciting diversity of RNA functions, we invite you to read landmark papers with us, think critically, and ask new questions, as we marvel at the wonders of RNA.
This course is one of many Advanced Undergraduate Seminars offered by the Biology Department at MIT. These seminars are tailored for students with an interest in using primary research literature to discuss and learn about current biological research in a highly interactive setting. Many instructors of the Advanced Undergraduate Seminars are postdoctoral scientists with a strong interest in teaching.

During development a single totipotent cell gives rise to the vast array of cell types present in the adult human body, yet each cell has essentially the same DNA sequence. As cells differentiate, distinct sets of genes must be coordinately activated and repressed, ultimately leading to a cell-type specific pattern of gene expression and a particular cell fate. In eukaryotic organisms, DNA is packaged in a complex protein super structure known as chromatin. Modification and reorganization of chromatin play a critical role in coordinating the cell-type specific gene expression programs that are required as a cell transitions from a pluripotent stem cell to a fully differentiated cell type. Epigenetics refers to such heritable changes that occur in chromatin without altering the primary DNA sequence. This class will focus on the role of epigenetic regulation with respect to developmental fate and also consider the fact that the epigenetic mechanisms discussed have broad implications, including how seemingly normal cells can be transformed into cancerous cells.
This course is one of many Advanced Undergraduate Seminars offered by the Biology Department at MIT. These seminars are tailored for students with an interest in using primary research literature to discuss and learn about current biological research in a highly interactive setting. Many instructors of the Advanced Undergraduate Seminars are postdoctoral scientists with a strong interest in teaching.

Hank describes mitosis and cytokinesis - the series of processes our cells go through to divide into two identical copies.

Chapters:
1. Mitosis
2. Interphase
a) Chromatin
b) Centrosomes
3) Prophase
a) Chromosomes
b) Chromatid
c) Microtubules
4) Metaphase
a) Motor Proteins
5) Biolography
6) Anaphase
7) Telophase
8) Cleavage
9) Cytokinesis

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+ BCa) is the most frequently diagnosed subtype of breast cancer. Among those diagnosed with this form of cancer, acquired or intrinsic resistance to endocrine therapy represents one of the biggest challenges to treatment. While the androgen receptor has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. studies report conflicting results. Now, new research suggests that blocking certain forms of the androgen receptor prevents the metastatic progression of HR+ BCa. Experiments showed that HR+ BCa cells had elevated amounts of androgen receptors appended with small ubiquitin-like modifiers, or SUMOs. This “SUMOylation” upregulated androgen-receptor- dependent transcriptional activity and gene expression in breast cancer cell lines. Treating these receptors with both the receptor- blocking drug enzalutamide (Enz) and a SUMO inhibitor (GA) decreased the migration and metastasis of breast cancer cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This unit helps you understand the properties of nucleotides and how they contribute to secondary and tertiary structures of nucleic acids at the molecular level. You will learn about the different composition and roles of nucleic acids in the cell, their interactions with each other and the use of ribozymes, aptamers, antisense and hybridization as tools in molecular research. The unit covers the function of DNA packaging within the cell, the interactions between the DNA double helix and the nucleosome and it helps you understand the various chromatin states within the interphase nucleus.

This course provides broad exposure to research in biophysics and physical biology, with emphasis on the critical evaluation of scientific literature. Weekly meetings include in-depth discussion of scientific literature led by various MIT faculty on active research topics. Each session also includes a brief discussion of non-research topics including effective presentation skills, writing papers and fellowship proposals, choosing scientific and technical research topics, time management, and scientific ethics.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The MAPK/ERK inhibitor vemurafenib is frequently used to treat late-stage melanomas with the BRAF V600E mutation, but acquired resistance is a major challenge, and it’s unclear if this resistance is due to unintended effects on normal stromal cells. To find out, a recent study examined early vemurafenib-induced molecular changes in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), a main stromal cell type of melanomas. Sequencing revealed that vemurafenib upregulated proliferation-related genes but downregulated genes related to autophagy and protein degradation in the HDFs, while it exerted the opposite effects in melanoma (MaMel) cells. The expression changes were consistent with the observed paradoxical effects of vemurafenib. Specifically, vemurafenib hyperactivated MAPK/ERK signaling in normal HDFs despite inhibiting it in melanoma cells, which seemed to be facilitated by a permissive chromatin landscape. The paradoxical effects indicate that vemurafenib monotherapy may promote cancer progression in normal cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.