This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Cancer-associated fibroblasts, or CAFs, make up 50 to 90% of a solid tumor’s volume. Embedded between a tumor’s core and healthy tissue, CAFs contribute to tumor initiation, progression, and invasion, and according to a new study, CAFs might also contribute to tumors’ ability to resist radiation therapy. Researchers coaxed CAFs to form by culturing normal fibroblasts with cancer cells from different tissues, including the breast, brain, lung, and prostate. Compared to normal fibroblasts, these CAFs showed less DNA damage from gamma ray radiation. This “radioresistance” was linked to DNA repair machinery deployed by CAFs. Treating CAFs with molecules inhibiting the repair of single- and double-stranded DNA reduced their defenses against radiation. Further insight into how CAFs communicate with surrounding cancer cells and healthy tissue could prove vital, as it could help researchers and clinicians find ways to topple tumors’ defenses against anticancer therapies..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Despite better treatments, metastatic breast cancer remains incurable and is a major cause of cancer-related death. Cancer progression and metastasis involve multiple steps that are dependent on intercellular communication, but much remains to be understood about this process. A recent study examined one aspect of cancer cell communication: exosomes carrying microRNA (miRNA) cargoes. Researchers isolated exosomes from human breast cancer cell lines. Using cell migration and invasion assays, they found that the tumor-promoting capacity of exosomes was positively correlated to their cells of origin. The most differentially expressed miRNA was miR-7641, which could promote tumor cell progression and metastasis. Exosomal miR-7641 could promote tumor growth in a mouse model, and its levels were elevated in the plasma of patients with distant metastasis..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) plays essential roles in cancer development and progression. Exosomes mediate crosstalk between tumor cells and other stromal or immune cells in the TME, but how tumor-derived exosomes promote the progression of bladder cancer, one of the most common types of cancer, remains unclear. To find out, researchers recently examined the effects of exosomes extracted from the conditioned medium (CM) of MB49 bladder cancer cells. The researchers found that the cancer-derived exosomes were ingested by mouse macrophages both in vitro and in vivo and that they induced macrophage polarization toward the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. Exosome-secreting MB49 cells induced tumor growth in mice, but the exosome inhibitor GW4869 reduced tumor growth, macrophage M2 polarization and immunosuppression, confirming the pro-tumor effects of the cancer-derived exosomes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Viral infection can be devastating. But some viruses are an important part of therapies for fighting diseases like cancer. Adenoviruses are one example – they deliver deadly payloads to cancer cells without harming healthy tissue. Or do they? A recent study suggests that adenovirus infection could promote the formation of glioma stem cells, the self-renewing cells that keep brain tumors alive and spreading. Experiments on glioma cells derived from human patients showed that adenovirus infection promoted the formation of tumorspheres, solid, spherical formations that develop from self-renewing glioma stem cells. When transplanted into mice grafted with glioma tumors, these formations promoted tumor growth. A closer look revealed three signaling molecules that adenoviruses activate during this process: TLR9, a pro-inflammatory receptor, NEAT1, a non-coding RNA frequently overexpressed in human tumors, and STAT3, a protein linked to tumor formation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Whig nominee Zachary Taylor's reluctance to clearly declare his political views was an issue eagerly exploited by the opposition in the 1848 campaign. Here the artist shows phrenologist Orson S. Fowler probing the candidate's skull to determine his "principles," as New York "Tribune" editor Horace Greeley (left) takes notes. Greeley asks, "What for a Prsident would he make?" Fowler replies, "he says he is 'Incompetent,' & so say his developments." Taylor (center) sits grumbling, "When I get to Washington I will turn [Postmaster General] Cave Johnson out, and put a good Military man in his place, This paying 7.50 for "dead letters," is too much for me to stand." Beginning in late July the "dead letter" issue was a source of great popular amusement at Taylor's expense. After Taylor's nomination in early June, he was sent a letter by John Morehead offering him the candidacy. In an economizing move, Taylor had recently instructed the local postmaster in Baton Rouge not to forward to him any letters on which postage was not prepaid. Consequently, Morehead's notification of nomination was among the mail that landed in the dead letter office in Washington, and after several weeks cost Taylor $7.50 to have retrieved. Among the long list of Taylor's characteristics that Greeley and Fowler have compiled are: "A Quick Fiery Temper," "A lack of self respect," and "Disregard for things Sacred." Each of these falls under a broader category, such as "Combativeness," which is accompanied by a number designating its degree of "development." The number six indicates an ideal level of development, anything lower being deficient. Seven, the highest possible score, was excessive. Here Taylor scores a seven in "Combativeness," but only receives a one for "Self Esteem." In "Firmness" he receives a fourteen, making him remarkably "Obstinate & Mulish." Shelved on the back wall at right are specimens of heads and skulls, including those of Martin Van Buren, James Watson Webb, Henry Clay, and a black man. Posted on the left is a sign advertising "Fowler & Wells. Phrenologists, 131 Nassau St. Clinton Hall, N. York."|Drawn by "W.J.C."|Entered . . . 1848 by H.R. Robinson.|Lithd. & published by H.R. Robinson-31 Park Row New York.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Lorant, p. 19.|Weitenkampf, p. 93-94.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1848-24.

A grim commentary on the extraordinary measures taken by some Americans to evade military service during the Civil War. A man in shirtsleeves (center) has just had his right hand mutilated by a woman who stands at left, holding a hammer and knife. On a stump before the woman lies the man's severed index finger. "Oh Lord! Oh Lord! how it hurts," howls the man, as he dances about holding his bleeding hand. On the right, another man with an amputated finger extends his hand and reassures him, "Tˆü_ˆüąwont hurt but a minute and then you can get one of those." He refers to a certificate in his left hand, signed by "Dr. Syntax," certifying that "I have examined Adam Cowherd, Esq. and find that he has lost the first finger of his right hand. He affirms that it was cut off while digging post holes. I recommend that he be sent to the Army or to Fort Lafayette." During the Civil War, Fort Lafayette was used as a prison for political offenders.|Entered . . . 1862, by Wm. E.S. Trowbridge . . . Southern District of New York.|The Library's impression of the print was deposited for copyright on August 27, 1862.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Wm. E.S. Trowbridge, del.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1862-6.

Increased energy use per capita is linked to decreased poverty rates. Modest energy increases can lead to significant poverty reduction, but the relationship is not always linear. Factors like governance and social policies also influence poverty levels. Beyond a certain threshold, further energy increases have diminishing returns.

Poster showing a large cannon in battle. Poster has no text, but blank space for text to be added. Poster no. 79. B3033 - Wt. 8276/2623 - 10M 6/18. E3054. Title devised by Library staff.

President Biden authorized the release of 180 million barrels of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve to lower gasoline prices amid the Russia-Ukraine War. While previous releases had modest effects, the magnitude of this release is significant. Estimates suggest a reduction of $0.15 to $0.38 per gallon at the pump.

This video focuses on animals that have quickly evolved in order to meet their needs from the impacts of climate change.

Sharply critical of both the Democratic and Whig choice of presidential candidates in 1852, the artist laments the nomination of two soldiers, Winfield Scott (center) and Franklin Pierce (far right), in preference to several more "capable" statesmen who appear at left. The latter are (left to right): Samuel Houston, John J. Crittenden, Thomas Hart Benton, Millard Fillmore, John Bell, Lewis Cass, Stephen A. Douglas, and Daniel Webster. Most prominent in the group are Fillmore, Cass, and Webster, who also sought the presidential nomination in 1852. Fillmore: "I have sought more anxiously to do what was right; than what would please, and feel no disappointment, at finding that my Conduct has, rendered me an unavailable candidate." Cass: "We have been partizans where we differed in opinions as to the best means of promoting the prosperity and happiness of our native land, but we cast aside, party when we stood Shoulder, to Shoulder, for the Constitution & the Union." Webster: "It is not our fortune to be, or to have been successful Millitary Chieftains. We are nothing but painstaking, hardworking, drudging Civilians, giving our life, and health, and strength, to the maintenance of the Constitution and upholding the liberties of our country." Columbia, draped in stars and stripes and grasping the hands of Scott and Pierce, responds: "I acknowledge your noble services, worth and Constant devotion most Illustrious sons, and that you have the long experience, Sound sense and practical wisdom which fit you to receive the highest honor in my power to bestow, but you are "not Available." " "Availability," in the contemporary lexicon, meant the quality of broad popular appeal. Scott and Pierce were both distinguished in the Mexican War. Scott, holding a liberty staff and Phrygian cap, proclaims: "You see Gentlemen it is "availability" that is required and that is "my" qualification." Pierce holds a shield adorned with stars and stripes, adding, "I am a "Great" man and have done the country "Great" Service! I never knew it before; but it "must be so;" for the Convention has declared it, and the Democracy affirm it." Before his nomination by the Democratic convention of 1852, Pierce was a relatively little known New Hampshire attorney--a fact which Whig publicists tended to exaggerate. Pierce had, after all, served as a two-term congressman and senator from New Hampshire.|Lith. & pub. by Nathaniel Currier, 152 Nassau St. N.Y.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Gale, no. 880.|Weitenkampf, p. 107.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1852-14.

A caricature of President Martin Van Buren issued during the Panic of 1837, strongly critical of his continuation of predecessor Andrew Jackson's hard-money policies. Particular reference is made to the Specie Circular, a highly unpopular order issued by the Jackson administration in December 1836, directing collectors of public revenues to accept only gold or silver (i.e., "specie") in payment for public lands. Designed to curb speculation, the measure was blamed by administration critics for draining the economy of hard money and precipitating the 1837 crisis. Hearkening back to the anti-Jackson "King Andrew the First" (no. 1833-4), the artist portrays Van Buren as a monarch in a princely cloak, treading on the Constitution. He is crowned "in the name of Belzebub . . . Ragamuffin king" by a demon. Van Buren's cloak is trimmed with "shinplasters," the colloquial term for the often worthless small-denomination bank notes which proliferated during the panic. Van Buren says, "I like this cloak amazingly, for now I shall be able to put into execution my Designs without being observed by every quizing, prying Whig. I'm obliged to keep close since my Safety Fund is blown . . ." Under the Safety Fund law, passed during Van Buren's term as governor of New York, banks were required to contribute to a fund used to liquidate the obligations of banks that failed. The fund was quickly exhausted during the panic. On the walls are pictures of "Bequests of the Late Incumbent" (Andrew Jackson), including "The Hickory Stick," worshipped by the masses like the brazen serpent in the Old Testament, Jackson's spectacles and clay pipe, his hat, the Safety Fund balloon in flames, and "the Last Gold Coin," minted in 1829 (the year Jackson first took office). On the wall at right is a headless statue of Jackson holding a "veto" in his right hand (an allusion to Jackson's 1832 veto of a bill to recharter the Bank of the United States). Visible through a window is a street scene where a crowd mobs a theater exhibiting "a Real Gold Coin." Beneath Van Buren's feet are several documents, including the Specie Circular and "petitions," the missives from New York bankers and merchants which deluged the White House calling for repeal of the Circular. A document labeled "Indian claims" refers to another unpopular Jackson legacy: the numerous grievances by tribes like the Cherokees and Seminoles regarding unfair and inhumane government treaties by which they were being displaced and deprived of their lands.|Copyright secured according to law by F.J. Winston.|Published at 89 Nassau St. NY.|Signed: Forbes Delt.|The Library's impression of the print was deposited for copyright on August 29, 1837, and published at the same address as Anthony Fleetwood's "6 Cents. Humbug Glory Bank" (no. 1837-10).|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 49.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1837-1.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Hip arthroscopy has gained worldwide popularity, but to achieve the best patient outcomes, some aspects of the surgery still need improvement. That includes better understanding of intraoperative labral and capsular management, particularly in the setting of a capsular defect. A new study in The American Journal of Sports Medicine aims to fill this gap. In the study, a research team from the Steadman Philippon Research Institute looked at the roles of the capsule and labral suction seal in maintaining distractive stability of the hip. The researchers specifically focused on the biomechanics of capsular reconstruction. To create a biomechanical model, capsular defects were made in eight cadaveric hips. Each defect was reconstructed using an iliotibial band allograft. Distractive stability was tested in the intact state, followed by the capsular defect state and subsequent capsular reconstruction state..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Students create and use pinhole cameras to understand how artists use and manipulate light to capture images in photographs. They shoot and develop photographs made with pinhole cameras. They compare and contrast a nineteenth-century image, photographs taken with a pinhole camera, and pictures created with a digital camera or camera phone.

Students create pinhole cameras to understand that light travels in a straight path. They describe the lines and shapes in a nineteenth-century photograph of a building and then use their pinhole cameras to trace the architecture of their school building.

Students create pinhole cameras to learn how artists manipulate light to make photographs. They describe and analyze a nineteenth-century photograph and use their cameras to capture the architecture of their school or other buildings.

Students will examine the sculpture "Rearing Horse" by Adriaen de Vries. They will then draw and sculpt animals from life, trying to capture motion frozen in a moment.

This art history video discussion examines Caravaggio's "Calling of St. Matthew," oil on canvas, c. 1599-1600 (Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome).

This art history video discussion examines Caravaggio's "Crucifixion of St. Peter", oil on canvas, 1601 (Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome).

This art history video discussion examines Caravaggio's "Death of the Virgin," 1605-06, Oil on canvas, 12 feet, 10 inches x 8 feet (369 x 245 cm) (Musee du Louvre, Paris). Painted for the altar of a family chapel in the church of Santa Maria della Scala del Trastevere, Rome.