This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"People with diabetes who require basal insulin to achieve blood glucose control can be at risk of hypoglycaemia, where blood glucose levels drop too low. In randomised clinical trials (or RCTs), use of second-generation basal insulin analogues, such as insulin glargine 300 units/mL (known as glargine 300) and insulin degludec, results in similar glycated haemoglobin reductions compared with first-generation basal insulin analogues, such as glargine 100 and insulin detemir, but with less hypoglycaemia. However, it is not known whether these results translate directly to routine clinical practice, as RCTs often apply strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, meaning that they may not be generalisable to real-life situations. Electronic medical records are a source of rich real-world data, but using them to make comparisons between different treatments can be difficult because results might be biased by confounding data, something that the randomisation in RCTs is designed to minimise..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

A one page activity that takes students to several websites related to the obesity epidemic. First they can calculate BMI, then learn about national trends in the rate of obesity and finally use a tutorial on insulin and diabetes.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Insulin resistance in neurons is linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The regulation of neuronal insulin signaling by phosphatases isn’t fully understood. To learn more, researchers recently investigated the role of the protein phosphatase PP1 in neuronal insulin signaling and resistance. They found that the PP1 isoform PP1γ, but not PP1α, participated in insulin signaling in mouse and human neuroblastoma cell lines. PP1γ dephosphorylated AKT2, thereby limiting AS160 phosphorylation, GLUT4 translocation, and glucose uptake. It also regulated GSK3β phosphorylation through AKT2, while it regulated GSK3α phosphorylation through IKK and MLK3. Through its effects on these two GSK3 isoforms, PP1γ fine-tuned the development of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles these are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. Specifically, PP1γ increased neurofibrillary tangle formation but suppressed amyloid β plaque formation in neuronal cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Over the years, anesthesia has become safer. But surgical morbidity and mortality have barely budged. One of the most persistent challenges is acute kidney injury, or AKI, which occurs in 20 to 40 percent of high-risk surgical patients. Writing in the journal Anesthesiology, researchers from the University of Texas review the latest progress in understanding and treating perioperative AKI. Prior to 2004, there were more than 35 definitions of AKI. A more formalized classification system known as RIFLE created a standard definition. Since then, other systems have emphasized small changes in serum creatinine, and since 2012, the primary system has been Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. AKI is most common in cardiac surgery, but is also frequently observed in thoracic, orthopedic, and vascular surgeries. Risk factors include advanced age, high blood pressure, diabetes, and being African American. Increasingly, it has become clear that AKI isn’t limited to the kidney..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system. The disease occurs worldwide
and its incidence is increasing rapidly in most parts of the world. Moreover, continuous use of
the synthetic anti-diabetic drugs causes side effects and toxicity. Therefore, seeking natural and
non-toxic anti-diabetic drugs is necessary for diabetic therapy. Medicinal fruits play an
important role in the development of potent therapeutic agents. The present paper reviews the
data reported on pharmacologically active phytoconstituents obtained from fruits involved in
anti-diabetic activity along with pharmacological status which have been experimentally studied
for hypoglycaemic activity. This work stimulates the researchers for further research on the
potential use of medicinal fruits having anti-diabetic potential.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a lifelong autoimmune disease, is on the rise in adults and children. The disease is commonly associated with altered gut microbiota and reduced production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have many beneficial properties on the gut and immune system and are able to prevent diabetes in mice. A recent study explored a novel anti-T1D approach, a specially designed dietary supplement that could restructure the gut microbiota, boost the production of SCFAs, and change the human immune system across time. The study shows that after six weeks of supplementation, the patients’ stool and plasma concentrations of the SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate were significantly increased. Circulating B and T cells and antigen-presenting cells developed a more regulatory phenotype during and post-intervention..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Type 2 diabetes mellitus often leads to muscle atrophy driven by diminished differentiation capacity in myoblasts. Myogenesis is complex, and while many involved pathways have been described, there may still be yet undiscovered therapeutic targets. With this goal in mind, a recent study combined experiments in diabetic mice and cultured myoblasts to identify key proteins in diabetes-induced atrophy. The gene for the relatively undescribed solute carrier Slc2a6, also known as glut6, was up-regulated during myogenic differentiation and down-regulated during diabetes-induced myopathy. Silencing Slc2a6 with RNAi in cell culture impaired differentiation and myotube formation. Transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that Slc2a6 silencing disproportionally impacted the glycolysis pathway . Further experiments and analysis determined that Slc2a6 regulates myogenic differentiation in cultured myoblasts and that this regulation was partly through the glycolysis pathway..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Episode 1, part 1: Interview with Sir Michael Marmot, Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College London about the current state of Global Health, with special focus on Health Equity. The first episode consists of two parts.
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The Swedish Global Health Podcast - A Podcast about Global Health and Sustainable Development is aimed at anyone interested in knowing more about this exciting topic! It is co-produced by the Swedish Society of Medicine's Committee for Global Health and the Swedish Society of Medicine's student and junior doctor section.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Diabetic wounds are a growing problem worldwide. One solution could lie in a hormone secreted by the parathyroid. PTH is critical for re-growing bone. But evidence suggests that it could also help regenerate skin and blood vessels. Researchers recently tested this hypothesis on rats. Applying a synthetic version of PTH to diabetic wounds significantly improved wound healing. But not as they believed it would. Synthetic PTH did not appear to directly activate the cells it repaired. Instead, separate experiments showed that the PTH derivative indirectly led to repair, using exosomes, tiny sacs ejected by cells to communicate with other cells. If replicated in more realistic models of diabetes, these findings could lead to a powerful new way to accelerate wound healing..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"To create safe and effective treatment plans, prescribing physicians and their patients must understand the effects of a medication. Clinical trials provide descriptions of those effects. But these descriptions can be complicated by the many different ways data are analyzed and interpreted in clinical trials. Specifically, [intercurrent events], events that occur after treatment initiation, can affect interpretation. How can researchers account for these events? By baking them into their research question before their study even begins. That’s the goal behind the use of estimands. An estimand is a detailed description of the [treatment effect] estimated to address a scientific question of interest. As such, estimands ensure that study objectives align with the design, conduct, and analysis of a trial. And more than one estimand can be defined for the same endpoint. To illustrate how estimands work, consider the PIONEER 1 clinical trial..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A fundamental law of genetics states that offspring do not inherit traits from their parents that were acquired in response to environmental conditions. Recent research in the field of epigenetics, however, is turning this principle on its head. Several recent studies have come to the remarkable conclusion that unhealthy diets in males can contribute to the development of metabolic diseases in their offspring. Even when those offspring are raised with healthy diets_._ Now, a study has identified small RNAs as the molecules responsible for the transmission of these disorders. For a long time scientists thought that inheritance of traits only occurred via DNA being passed from parent to offspring. It is now clear, however, that the experiences of one generation can have an effect on the next. When parents have a high-stress lifestyle or an unhealthy diet, for example, chemical modifications can occur on genes that are then passed to their children. This is termed ‘epigenetic inheritance..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

See what Aspen's day is like dealing with glucose levels, finger pricks, insulin pumps and everything that goes along with this life threatening disease. She changes her Omnipod insulin pump and her Dexcom continuous glucose monitor (CGM).

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe ocular complication of diabetes mellitus, affecting over 400 million adults worldwide and causing blindness in millions of them. Neurodegeneration is an early event in DR pathogenesis, preceding clinically detectable vascular damage. One potential cause of neuronal loss in DR is the dysregulated autophagy. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying autophagy dysregulation in DR remain unclear. A new study focused on the role of a central signaling molecule in this process, mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a ubiquitous molecule that integrates diverse underlying signals to coordinate biological processes. Using a mouse model of DR, researchers found that mTOR-related proteins were upregulated shortly after diabetes induction but were then downregulated. Diabetes-induced neurodegeneration observed in this study was evaluated by an increase of apoptosis markers and a decrease in the total cell number..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.