This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Ras is a key signaling protein that controls cell fates, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, and Ras effectors are proteins that influence Ras-regulated signaling pathways. Because mutations in Ras have been found to play a key role in cancer initiation and progression, scientists hope that obtaining a clearer understanding of Ras–Ras effector interactions will improve the development of effective cancer treatments. To meet this need, a team of researchers recently constructed a comprehensive Ras–Ras effector network with information obtained from public pathway and protein interaction databases. The network was composed of 2290 proteins, including 12 classes of Ras effectors, connected through 19,080 protein–protein interactions, with an increasing number of interactions occurring in each layer of the 3-layer signaling network..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This site takes us into the world of structural biology -- a branch of molecular biology that focuses on the shape of nucleic acids and proteins (the molecules that do most of the work in our bodies). Learn about the structures and roles of proteins, tools used to study protein shapes, how proteins are used in designing new medications (for AIDS and arthritis), and what structural biology reveals about all life processes. Find out about careers in biomedical research.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Before you reach for that sugary beverage at dinner tonight, consider this: consuming just one sugar-sweetened drink with a meal not only adds calories to your diet, it also reduces the body's metabolic efficiency. That’s the finding of a new study published in the journal, _BMC Nutrition_. There is increasing evidence that the macronutrient composition of the diet may be more important in preventing obesity than previously thought. In other words, it’s not just _how much_ you eat, but also _what combination_ of foods you eat that’s important for maintaining a healthy body weight. Obesity has become a world-wide epidemic. In the US, the increased prevalence of this disease has been linked to the American diet, in which sugar plays a starring role. To better understand this, a team of USDA researchers set out to determine how adding a small serving of a sugar-sweetened beverage to meals impacts appetite, food preferences, energy expenditure, and the ability to burn fat..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Dr. Bolander recently retired from the University of South Carolina, where he taught biochemistry at both the graduate and undergraduate levels for decades. He accumulated considerable figures and notes and is making them available to others involved with teaching biochemistry or related courses.

These notes cover material with weaker coverage in standard biochemistry textbooks. This text is supplemental rather than primary.

All cells, organs and tissues of a living organism are built of molecules. Some of them are small, made from only a few atoms. There is, however, a special class of molecules that make up and play critical roles in living cells. These molecules can consist of many thousands to millions of atoms. They are referred to as macromolecules (or large biomolecules).

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The microscopic tardigrade is one of the toughest known organisms in the animal kingdom, capable of surviving environmental extremes such as near-complete desiccation, freezing and high temperatures, and ionizing radiation. Exactly how these tiny creatures are able to withstand these stresses has remained largely a mystery. Now, research is showcasing the role of three protein families not found in other organisms, collectively referred to as tardigrade disordered proteins (TDPs). Unlike typical folded proteins, in solution many TDPs lack a stable 3D structure. This lack of structure may allow them to adopt different conformations under different environmental conditions. Although seemingly diverse, the stress conditions that tardigrades can tolerate are actually quite similar. Similarly to desiccation, freezing removes water from proteins and membranes, and irradiation induces genome damage like that observed during drying..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Uniporters, symporters, and antiporters are proteins that are used in ƒ??transportƒ?? of substances across a cell membrane. Uniporters are involved in facilitated diffusion and work by binding to one molecule of substrate at a time to move it along its concentration gradient. Symporters and antiporters are involved in active transport. Antiporters transport molecules in opposite directions, while symporters transport molecules in the same direction.

DNA are instructions that code for the production of proteins. If the DNA are the instructions for the proteins, something must be wrong in the DNA for people with DMD.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Human gut microbes have a major impact on health and disease. Understanding gut microbial communities helps to provide insight into treatments for diseases ranging from cancer to inflammatory bowel disease. Recent efforts have significantly expanded the collection of human-associated bacterial genomes. While these new genomes might be used as a universal reference for new metaproteomic studies, a large increase in available data can also make matching more difficult. Now, researchers present a new approach to optimize the use of reference genomes and metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs). The first step uses only high-abundance proteins (HAPs) for a metaproteomic MS/MS database search to derive the composition of the underlying microbial community. Next, the search database is expanded to include all proteins from identified abundant species. Researchers tested the approach, called HAPs guided metaproteomics IDentification (HAPiID), using data from a previous study..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Meat is one of the most carbon-heavy foods we eat. Per gram of protein, producing beef, for example, requires 20 times the land and emits 20 times the emissions as growing beans. So steering away from meat is actually a great way to fight climate change, as it vastly shrinks our carbon footprint on the planet. But do households with small carbon footprints necessarily eat less meat than those with large footprints? A new study says no. The researchers behind the study recently examined data pertaining to diet and carbon footprint across 60,000 households in Japan, whose current diet and demographics, scientists believe, could set the trend for the rest of the world. Correlating food-spending patterns with the carbon intensity needed to produce different foods revealed that meat consumption was unrelated to the size of a household’s carbon footprint. Households with small, medium, or large footprints ate nearly identical amounts of meat..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Colorectal cancer is among the top three most lethal types of cancer worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. If colorectal cancer spreads to bone, the balance between the natural breakdown of old bone tissue and the production of new bone can be severely disrupted, leading to fractures, excess calcium in the blood, and other issues. Understanding the processes driving colorectal cancer bone metastasis can therefore guide the development of new treatments to combat these disorders. To meet this need, researchers recently evaluated the effects of CCL7, a small protein involved in immunity, which is also thought to have an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. They found increased production of CCL7 in the bone marrow of mice with colorectal cancer bone metastasis, but the injection of a CCL7-neutralizing antibody prevented a reduction in bone volume. The team also showed that CCL7 stimulated the movement of osteoclast precursors, cells that are involved in breaking down bone tissue..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.