This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"When patients undergo general anesthesia, there’s a shift in the distribution of ventilation and perfusion throughout the lung, with more areas of the lung getting too much air, relative to the amount of blood flow, and others getting too little. This type of scatter is traditionally described by Riley’s three-compartment model, in which high-ratio lung regions getting less blood flow produce increases in the alveolar deadspace. But new work published in the journal Anesthesiology shows that this model fails to account for different blood solubilities of various anesthetics -- and shows how multicompartment models better predict what is happening in the lungs. The researchers extended an earlier study in anesthetized patients that found that partial pressure measurements of inhaled anesthetic in the lungs did not match those made for carbon dioxide -- and were inconsistent with the three-compartment theory..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Glioma is the most common and lethal form of brain cancer. Among patients with the highest grade of glioma, fewer than 6% survive up to 5 years after diagnosis. Interestingly, glioma is extremely rare in one large population of patients patients with Alzheimer’s disease. That suggests that an anti-glioma molecule could play a critical role in the development of Alzheimer’s. In a recent study, researchers assessed one possible candidate: presenilin-1. Presenilin-1 is a protein that assists the formation of amyloid beta, the main component of the hallmark plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s. Experiments showed that high presenilin-1 levels in glioma tissue from patients correlated with low tumor proliferation. Closer examination revealed that presenilin-1 kept cancer from spreading by preventing tumor cells from replicating their DNA. This mechanism could explain the poor prognosis of glioma patients with low levels of presenilin-1..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"There may be a silver lining for those at high risk for Alzheimer’s: as the chance of getting the disease goes up, certain treatments may become more effective. The risk of developing Alzheimer’s largely relies on a gene called APOE, with different variants conferring more or less risk. Usually, having a high-risk allele is bad news, but a group of researchers from New York University has reported that carrying the high-risk allele could actually boost responsiveness to immunotherapy, a promising new treatment option. The APOE gene helps determine how much beta-amyloid accumulates in the brain. Beta-amyloid starts as small misfolded bits of protein that clump together to form the plaques that are the hallmark of Alzheimer’s. As the plaques appear, the brain deteriorates, particularly in regions associated with memory. One way to potentially halt this process is to use antibodies that recognize beta-amyloid. The antibodies bind to the protein and signal to the immune system to clear it out..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Many patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer develop a serious side effect called chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). CIPN involves pain, tingling, burning, or numbness in the hands and feet and is caused by neuroinflammation triggered by the protein HMGB1, but the exact mechanisms aren’t clear. To learn more and help find a treatment, researchers recently examined the plasma of human patients and mice with oxaliplatin-induced CIPN. They found that the levels of HMGB1 and its target enzyme MMP-9 (a pain marker) were elevated in CIPN plasma and that a higher dose of oxaliplatin was associated with higher HMGB1 levels and worse pain. In cell experiments, HMGB1 was degraded—and inflammatory molecule expression was suppressed—when the enzyme AMPK was activated suggesting that AMPK activation might be beneficial for CIPN. These effects were dependent on the protein SR-A1..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In the absence of oxygen, some prokaryotes can degrade organic matter via anaerobic digestion. This occurs in natural settings, like wetlands, and industrial ones, like wastewater treatment or biogas production. But what about viruses? Bacteriophages can impact their hosts’ community structure through selective pressure and have been used to influence microbial communities, such as through pathogen control. A recent study examined the virome of anaerobic digestion communities undergoing prophage- inducing environmental stresses. The virome was almost entirely composed of tailed bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales. Metagenome reconstruction revealed 1,092 viral genomes and 120 prokaryotic genomes, and over half of the prokaryotic genomes contained a provirus in their genomic sequence. In general, species of viruses and prokaryotes could be grouped by having similar reactions to stressors. Archaea had the most pronounced reactions to stressors and featured behaviors unique to those species..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Apoptosis is a form of cell death that occurs as part of normal development. Once considered irreversible, apoptosis might not mark the end for all cells—including cancer cells. Growing evidence suggests that cancer cells can be rescued from the brink of death through a process called anastasis, which could explain how tumors resist anticancer therapies. From the Greek for “resurrection,” anastasis can occur through a variety of mechanisms, such as by arresting the activity of caspases, enzymes in charge of dismantling the cell during apoptosis by activating DNA repair mechanisms and by allowing cell fragments to fuse and continue living even after apoptosis has begun. Further studies are needed to explore how cancer cells cheat death through anastasis and how to adjust anticancer therapies accordingly..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Citation rates and journal impact factor are the most widely used measures of influence in the academic world. But true impact extends well beyond the sphere of research. While quantifying this influence has remained incredibly challenging, social media and the alternative metrics its supplies are beginning to change that. In a new study reported in The American Journal of Sports Medicine, researchers looked at how these “altmetrics” correlate with traditional measures of impact in the field of orthopedics. Their findings point to the types of studies and publication venues that attain the greatest reach. The authors of the study analyzed 496 articles published across five high-impact journals in 2016: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery; Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research; Acta Orthopaedica; Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy; and The American Journal of Sports Medicine..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women and is characterized by irregular periods, infertility, and hirsutism. Patients with PCOS also regularly experience gut dysbiosis, but the specific role of dysbiosis in the pathology of PCOS is not clear. To investigate this, researchers administered two different treatments to rats – the androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to induce PCOS-like symptoms and antibiotics to deplete the existing microbiota and thereby produce “pseudo germ-free” rats. In the androgen-treated rats, depletion of the microbiota did not protect them from PCOS-like symptoms, but transplanting microbiota from androgen-treated rats into pseudo germ-free rats triggered disruption of reproductive hormone balance and altered liver metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Scientists have long thought that anesthetic drugs might protect the brain during a stroke, but there was no way to rigorously test this idea because triggering strokes in animals requires the use of anesthesia. But now, a team of neuroengineers in China has come up with a work-around. Using lasers and a photosensitive dye, researchers set off strokes without needing to put animals to sleep, allowing them to finally disentangle the role of anesthetics on these often devastating events. The team first installed cranial windows in 22 rats to provide access to a critical artery in the brain. A day later, the neuroscientists injected the rats with a photosensitive dye. Then, by shining a laser on that artery, they could activate the dye to begin clotting, prompting an ischemic stroke -- without having to anesthetize first. Using this method, the researchers triggered strokes in two groups of rats. Half received the anesthetic isoflurane and were asleep, while the other half did not, and were awake..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Malignant renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 2% of cancer cases worldwide, and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is the most common subtype. Tumor angiogenesis is an important prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for KIRC. However, the specific angiogenesis subtypes in KIRC and their epigenetic regulation mechanisms are not well defined. In a recent multi-omics study, researchers analyzed these subtypes in patients using published molecular datasets. Angiogenesis scores calculated based on a 189-gene molecular signature were correlated with several prognostic indicators in over 500 patients. The five genes that contributed most to the scores (MMRN2, CLEC14A, ACVRL1, EFNB2, and TEK) were also associated with overall survival. Clustering analysis based on 183 of the signature genes identified two angiogenesis subtypes among the patients..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"“All happy families look alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way” – Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina. According to Tolstoy, a healthy home is the result of many factors falling into harmonious order, whereas disharmony is what happens when even one of these factors is out of place. A new study confirms the same principle holds true for the communities of microbes that determine oral health. Researchers mapped microbial DNA from healthy individuals and individuals with one of three forms of gum infection: chronic periodontitis, localized aggressive periodontitis, or generalized aggressive periodontitis. While it’s known that all three forms of periodontitis are microbially derived, the microbial makeup that gives rise to each remains unclear. High-throughput whole genome sequencing revealed that, like Tolstoy's unhappy homes, no two individuals with disease were alike..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A recent study published in Acta Neuropathologica Communications has found a potential mechanism for the initiation and development of Parkinson’s disease and it appears red blood cells may be partly to blame. Parkinson’s is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder commonly associated with tremors, muscle stiffness, and impaired movement. While these symptoms are caused by the deterioration of nerve cells in the brain, the precise cause of the disease is still not fully understood. What is known is that the development of Parkinson’s is associated with the aggregation of toxic forms of a protein named alpha-synuclein (or alpha-syn, for short) in the brain. Recent evidence, however, suggests alpha-syn found in the blood can also be problematic and this has been implicated as a contributor to brain-cell breakdown..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Among patients undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery, a high-grade pivot shift before surgery is widely considered to confer an increased risk of graft rupture and persistent instability after surgery. But what are the risk factors for high-grade pivot shifts themselves? A new study published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine reports injury to anterolateral structures as the most important risk factor for high-grade pivot shifts in patients suffering ACL injuries. The pivot shift test is the most specific physical exam for diagnosing ACL injuries. The examiner applies inward pressure on the lateral thigh with one hand while internally rotating the lower leg as the knee is flexed from a fully extended position. The presence of a pivot shift is indicated by an abrupt forward shift of the tibia back to its normal anatomical position. This shift is graded between 1 and 3 according International Knee Documentation Committee criteria, with 1 and 2 considered low grade, and 3 considered high grade..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Human gut microbes are critical for maintaining the integrity of the GI tract, immune system homeostasis, and host energy metabolism. Alterations in this network can have health consequences, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Antibiotic treatment compromises the composition of the gut microbiome, affecting microbial function and resulting in long-lasting detrimental effects on the host. A recent study examined how different antibiotics affect the ability of gut microbes to control intestinal inflammation. Researchers treated mice with antibiotics prior to fecal microbiota transplantation. They found that antibiotic pre-treatment significantly altered the ability of the microbiota to control intestinal inflammation. Streptomycin- and vancomycin-treated microbes failed to control inflammation, and pathobionts associated with IBD thrived. In contrast, microbes treated with metronidazole were able to control inflammation, and beneficial microbial species were enriched..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The period shortly after birth is a critical window for microbiome establishment. Antibiotics can impact this process, often negatively, but most of the research to date has been conducted on full-term infants and has rarely included infants that never received antibiotics, complicating the analysis. A recent study sought to close these gaps and examined the skin and gut microbiomes of preterm infants. While gestational age at birth had some influence on the maturation of the microbiome, postnatal age had a stronger impact. But brief exposure to antibiotics reversed the maturation trajectory between weeks one and three after birth, and antibiotic exposure impacted the abundance of potentially beneficial gut microbes. Some bacteria in our microbiome generate short-chain fatty acids, like butyrate and acetate, that our cells can use, but at three weeks after birth, the antibiotic-exposed infants had an altered microbiome with reduced capacity to produce these important metabolites..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antimicrobial resistance is a looming threat to global health. As a result, the livestock industry is moving away from using antibiotics in feed to enhance growth. But this shift may have led to increased rates of systemic infections and reduced production efficiency. Alternatives for antibiotic growth promotants (AGPs) are needed, but the mechanism behind the efficiency of AGPs is largely unknown. So, a recent study systematically evaluated the composition and function of the chicken gut microbial community in response to AGPs. The impact of AGPs was dependent on the birds' age and diet as well as the intestinal sampling location. Overall, AGPs had a limited impact on the abundances of specific microbial groups but did shift which groups were influential and exclude others. The chicken gut microbiome functionally responded to AGPs by changing the expression of multiple pathways, including by increasing expression of cell wall formation and antimicrobial resistance mechanism genes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to human and animal health, and this problem is accelerated by the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) between individual bacteria. ARGs tend to accumulate in the gut microbes of animals, and they reflect the resistome, or collection of ARGs, of the environment. Thus, one way to monitor the resistome of an environment could be sampling the gut microbiomes of animals. To that end, researchers examined the gut resistomes of two domesticated honeybee species, _Apis cerana_ and _Apis mellifera_. The resistome corresponded most strongly with the honeybee host species, rather than geographic region. The more heavily managed species, _A. mellifera_, carried the most ARGs and had the heaviest load of transferrable ARGs. However, transferrable ARGs were common in the microbiomes from both honeybee species..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antibiotics are critical treatments for bacterial infections, but antibiotic resistance is a growing problem. Wastewater treatment plants may foster resistance development, since sewage contains both human pathogens and antibiotics or their metabolite. The activated sludge (AS) stage commonly used to treat sewage at these plants is especially microbe-rich and may encourage transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through reproduction (vertical transfer) or movement of mobile genetic elements (horizontal transfer). To learn more, a recent study profiled ARGs and their neighboring genes at five wastewater treatment plants on three continents. Overall, ARG abundance was lower in AS than in incoming sewage (IN). In addition, ARGs tended to colocalize with plasmids and other mobile genetic elements to a greater extent in IN than AS, indicating decreased horizontal transfer potential..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem worldwide—and in outer space. Spaceflight can promote biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance development, and astronauts are especially vulnerable to infection due to the unique demands of spaceflight. To support future space travel, it is critical to understand exactly how spaceflight affects microbial diversity and virulence. To learn more, researchers recently used a machine learning algorithm to analyze sequencing data from the Microbial Tracking (MT)-1 mission, which sampled microbes at eight locations on the International Space Station during three flights. The model predicted the presence of hundreds of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the 226 bacterial strains isolated from the flights, including strains of the potentially very pathogenic bacterium Enterobacter bugandensis and the food poisoning-related bacterium Bacillus cereus..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Resistance to antibiotics is a growing global threat to human and animal health. Much of the current research into antibiotic resistance has focused on the human gut, but significantly less of it has examined rivers, which are akin to a terrestrial ‘gut.’ To close this gap, researchers examined the antibiotic resistance genes and their hosts in the 3rd longest river in the world, the Yangtze. They identified 1853 species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that collectively carried 31 types of antibiotic resistance genes. Human pathogenic bacteria carried a disproportionately large share of the resistance genes. Specifically, human pathogens accounted for 5.9% of the host population found in the river sediment, but they carried 46% of the resistance genes there. In the water column, human pathogens carried 64% of the resistance genes while representing only 13.4% of the host population. The dominant antibiotic resistance genes differed from those found in the human gut, anthropogenic systems, or lakes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.