The hoof is defined from a physiologic perspective as the modified skin covering the tip of the digit and all enclosed structures. The hoof provides protection to the distal limb and is formed by keratinisation of the epithelial layer and modification of the underlying dermis. The keratin in the epidermis, when thickened and cornified, is referred to as horn. Horn makes up the outer surface if the hoof and is particularly resistant to mechanical and chemical damage.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"This small hormone found in the mitochondria is known as MOTS-c. MOTS-c is known to regulate metabolic functions throughout the body, most importantly turning glucose into usable energy. Now, new research shows that MOTS-c could help boost glucose metabolism when injected into obese mice fed a high-fat diet. The implications for humans: improved control over blood sugar levels for those with type 2 diabetes and obesity. The findings are among the latest supporting the use of MOTS-c as an exercise mimetic, a drug that stimulates biochemical changes normally activated only through exercise. In animal models of obesity and diabetes, researchers have found that certain metabolic pathways are overactivated. These include the breakdown of fats and energy sources other than glucose. The detection of products and by-products of this breakdown serve as clues that normal, healthy metabolism has gone astray..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

The keratin in the epidermis, when cornified and thickened, is referred to as horn. Horn is particulary resistant to mechanical and chemical damage. The dermis of horn gives the structures their 3-D structure and shape. Cattle, some sheep, goats and antelope posess horns and these are permanent organs. Breeds without horns are termed polled breeds. Deer posess antlers, which are temporary organs that develop during the rutting season and are then shed.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Salmon are famous for their swims upriver to spawn. Many people focus on this amazing feat of stamina, but even more remarkable is their ability to switch from living in freshwater to seawater, and back again. Most fish make their homes in just one type of water. So how do salmon do it? A team of biologists at Skidmore College, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the University of Gothenburg recently uncovered changes in the expression of certain genes that explain in part how Atlantic salmon make the transition. Atlantic salmon are born in freshwater, and between the ages of one and four migrate downstream to the sea. Before starting this migration, the fish undergo a months-long process preparing them for life in seawater. This is called smoltification. During this time, fish develop gill cells called ionocytes that contain specialized proteins that pump out excess salt..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This lesson highlights the similarities between human sensors and their engineering counterparts. Taking this approach enables students to view the human body as a system, that is, from the perspective of an engineer. Humans have recreated most human sensors in robots – eyes, ears and sensors for temperature, touch and smell. The lesson inculdes a PowerPoint file that is programmed to run a Jeopardy-style game as a fun assessment tool.

Revised Edition

Short Description:
'How To Do Science' has been written for students of the life sciences who are actively engaged in the scientific process. This guide introduces you to what it means to be a scientist. You will learn about the scientific method and how to carry out many tasks of a scientist, including: designing experiments, visualising data, accessing scientific literature, communicating science, and writing literature reviews.

Long Description:
How To Do Science has been written for students of the life sciences who are actively engaged in the scientific process. This guide introduces you to what it means to be a scientist. You will learn about the scientific method and how to carry out many tasks of a scientist, including: • designing experiments to test a hypothesis • performing simple statistics • visualising data by creating graphs and tables • accessing scientific literature, and using referencing software • communicating findings from original investigations through research papers, posters and oral presentations • writing literature reviews and summaries • communicating science to the non-expert audience

Word Count: 34892

ISBN: 978-0-6453261-3-0

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

How to do science: a guide to researching human physiology has been written for students of the life sciences who are actively engaged in the scientific process. A lot of support is available for students learning scientific facts, but we found that it was harder to find resources to support students to become scientists.

This ebook introduces you to what it means to be a scientist. You will learn about the scientific method and how to do many tasks of a scientist, your roles and responsibilities as a scientist as well as possible career paths, and how to use your skills as a science graduate to get a leg up in the job market.

This text is published by the La Trobe eBureau.

Human biology is an interdisciplinary area of study that examines humans through the influences and interplay of many diverse fields such as genetics, evolution, physiology, anatomy, epidemiology, anthropology, ecology, nutrition, population genetics, and sociocultural influences.

Short Description:
This is a lab manual for a college-level human anatomy course. Mastery of anatomy requires a fair amount of memorization and recall skills. The activities in this manual encourage students to engage with new vocabulary in many ways, including grouping key terms, matching terms to structures, recalling definitions, and written exercises. Most of the activities in this manual utilize anatomical models, and several dissections of animal tissues and histological examinations are also included. Each unit includes both pre- and post-lab questions and six lab exercises designed for a classroom where students move from station to station. The vocabulary terms used in each unit are listed at the end of the manual and serve as a checklist for practicals.

Word Count: 24242

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

Human Anatomy Lab Manual is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts..

Word Count: 48160

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)

This human anatomy laboratory manual acts as a textbook for undergraduate human anatomy courses. Each chapter has review questions and laboratory activities, and most chapters also have collaborative learning activities. There are 22 chapters total. The chapters are:

Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Anatomical Terms
Chapter 2: Introduction to Microscopes
Chapter 3: Cell Structures & Types
Chapter 4: How Cells Divide (Mitotic Cell Division)
Chapter 5: Tissues
Chapter 6: Integumentary System
Chapter 7: Introduction to the Skeletal System
Chapter 8: Axial Skeleton
Chapter 9: Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 10: Articulations (Joints) & Movements
Chapter 11: Introduction to Skeletal Muscles
Chapter 12: The Skeletal Muscles
Chapter 13: Introduction to the Nervous System
Chapter 14: Central Nervous System
Chapter 15: Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter 16: Special Senses of the Nervous System
Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System - The Heart
Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System - The Blood Vessels
Chapter 19: Respiratory System
Chapter 20: Digestive System
Chapter 21: Urinary System
Chapter 22: Reproductive Systems

This text been designed for an undergraduate human anatomy and physiology course at a medium sized public university. This text has been modified from the original OpenStax text to encourage more active reading for an early undergraduate student taking the first semester of a year-long human anatomy and physiology course sequence. This text has been targeted to our student population, consisting primarily of first semester pre-nursing and kinesiology majors at a university with a high proportion of first generation and PELL-eligible students who benefit from lower barriers to entry into the field. Therefore, freely-available and differently presented text can be beneficial to this student population. This version was designed with the intention of distributing it section by section through a learning management system. If this mode of distribution is used, connection to an assessment tool could be utilized. Systems covered include skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous.

As this text reorganizes and modifies an OpenStax’s Anatomy and Physiology 2e (see related resources link below), chapter numbers and chapter section numbers from the original have been preserved in this document. Material supplemented from other sources is cited within the text.

Course connections: Undergraduate courses aimed towards freshmen or sophomore, including Anatomy and Physiology, Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology, Physiology, Introduction to Physiology, Human Biology or similar with a human focus.

Human anatomy is one of the foundational disciplines in the training of health care professionals. Knowledge of human structure at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels serves as a framework for the study of normal function and dysfunction. This workbook presents a series of questions related to a particular area of anatomy. Answers to those questions are included at the end of the book. This approach to self-assessment in basic human anatomy will be helpful to students in preparing for clinical-based learning activities as well as for other types of knowledge assessment and evaluation.

This document contains a list with all the Anatomy and Physiology I expected learning outcomes organized by topics, and grouped into ten units: 1. Introduction to A&P: body plan & organization; 2. Introduction to A&P: homeostasis; 3. The chemical level of organization; 4. Levels of organization: the cellular level of organization; 5. Levels of organization: the tissue level of organization; 6. Support and movement: integumentary system; 7. Support and movement: skeletal system & articulations; 8. Support and movement: muscular system; 9. Regulation, integration, and control: nervous system; 10. Regulation, integration, and control: special senses
Each learning outcome is referred to a section in the textbook "Anatomy and Physiology" by OpenStax: https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology
The learning outcomes are a derivative work of the "HAPS A&P Learning Outcomes" by The Human Anatomy and Physiology Society: https://www.hapsweb.org/page/AP_Outcomes_home

The overall purpose of this preparatory course textbook is to help students familiarize with some terms and some basic concepts they will find later in the Human Anatomy and Physiology I course.

The organization and functioning of the human organism generally is discussed in terms of different levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest building blocks to the entire body. This Anatomy and Physiology preparatory course covers the foundations on the chemical level, and a basic introduction to cellular level, organ level, and organ system levels. There is also an introduction to homeostasis at the beginning.

The overall purpose of these preparatory course set of learning objectives is to help students familiarize with some terms and some basic concepts they will find later in the Human Anatomy and Physiology I course.
These 40+ learning objectives to prepare for Human Anatomy and Physiology can be downloaded and played in a desktop, or laptop (windows exe file).
The entire course has four parts: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
Each learning objective is followed by a set of multiple choice question similar to those found later in a Human Anatomy and Physiology course.
The organization and functioning of the human organism generally is discussed in terms of different levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest building blocks to the entire body. This Anatomy and Physiology preparatory course covers the foundations on the chemical level, and a basic introduction to cellular level, organ level, and organ system levels. There is also an introduction to homeostasis at the beginning.

Canvas Commons course shells for A&P sequence.

BI 231: One of three courses within the human anatomy and physiology sequence that need not be taken in order. This course provides students with the opportunity to study the structure and function of the human body from a systematic perspective, while emphasizing homeostasis, organ system interaction, and complementarity of structure and function. Specific topics include: the integumentary, skeletal, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Laboratory sessions include dissecting animal specimens, conducting physiological experiments, examining case studies, using the compound microscope, and studying anatomical models.

BI 232: One of three courses within the human anatomy and physiology sequence that need not be taken in order. This course provides students with the opportunity to study the structure and function of the human body from a systematic perspective, while emphasizing homeostasis, organ system interaction, and complementarity of structure and function. Specific topics include: the muscular and nervous systems, special senses, and the endocrine system. Laboratory sessions include dissecting animal specimens, conducting physiological experiments, examining case studies,using the compound microscope, and studying anatomical models.

BI 233: One of three courses within the human anatomy and physiology sequence that need not be taken in order. This course provides students with the opportunity to study the structure and function of the human body from a systematic perspective, while emphasizing homeostasis, organ system interaction, and complementarity of structure and function. Specific topics include: the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Laboratory sessions include dissecting animal specimens, conducting physiological experiments, examining case studies, using the compound microscope, and studying anatomical models.

An Exploration of Structure and Function

Word Count: 262780

(Note: This resource's metadata has been created automatically by reformatting and/or combining the information that the author initially provided as part of a bulk import process.)