This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Bone graft performance is one of the most important factors for successful glenoid reconstruction to treat anterior shoulder instability. Although distal tibial allografts are gaining popularity over the more commonly used coracoid autografts, many orthopedic surgeons remain concerned about the potential for decreased healing and increased resorption when using allograft bone. To address these concerns, researchers compared patient radiological outcomes in the context of both graft types following glenoid reconstruction to treat anterior shoulder instability with significant glenoid bone loss. Their results suggest that tibial allografts are a promising option to recreate glenoid bony morphology. To reach this conclusion, the team retrospectively reviewed the radiographic findings from 36 patients who underwent tibial allograft and 12 patients who underwent coracoid autograft procedures to manage anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"What we eat can affect the body’s immune response, and in extreme cases, food intolerance, diabetes, or inflammatory diseases can occur. Metabolites found in dairy products or fermented food are sensed by two receptor proteins involved in immune function. One of these proteins, HCA₃, has an anti-inflammatory effect, while the other, GPR84, activates the immune response. Unfortunately, the mechanism underlying these different processes is unclear. A recent study investigated whether differences in the proteins’ signaling kinetics and trafficking could explain their different effects. Using a label-free technique based on dynamic mass redistribution inside the cell, they found that the receptors HCA₃ and GPR84 had distinct signaling kinetics upon activation with different metabolites. Signaling was affected by the receptors’ localization, which depends on proteins such as dynamin-2 and β-arrestin-2..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a gas produced by bacteria and algae that gives the ocean its distinctive scent. It also plays an important role in cloud formation, leading scientists to think its production may be instrumental in regulating climate change. But sea ice melt in the polar oceans under global warming has led to a reduction in DMS production, which may further intensify climate warming. To gain a better understanding of how bacteria contribute to DMS production, scientists recently investigated the distribution of bacterial genes involved in DMS cycling in seawater samples collected from around the world. They found evidence that intense DMS cycling facilitated predominantly by Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria occurs in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans, with high involvement of the enzymes DMSP demethylase, DMSP lyases, and trimethylamine monooxygenase..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Our biological clock regulates everything from our body temperature to our eating habits. So much so that anything that throws it off beat could allow diseases to set in, including osteoarthritis. Muscle, bone, cartilage, and the tissue in between are reported to have regular rhythms that maintain joint health, and studies suggest that disturbances in the genes that regulate these rhythms could make symptoms of osteoarthritis worse. These disturbances affect the cells responsible for creating cartilage, increasing their breakdown while slowing their buildup. They lead to abnormal remodeling of bone tissue. They cause muscle fibers to age faster and become weaker. And they lead to inflammation in surrounding tissue, which aggravates joint pain and damage. Research that examines the relationship between rhythmic disturbances and osteoarthritis could lead to new ways of understanding joint degeneration and could inspire the development of new drugs that target the mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"You leave traces on every surface you touch. These traces include parts of your unique skin microbiome, and the comparison of skin and surface microbiota has potential as a forensic tool. To test this concept, a recent study analyzed the metagenome left behind on surfaces by four people. People were matched to their household in 84% of the tests and their neighborhood in only 50% of tests. Matching accuracy decayed over the test period on public surfaces, but not in homes. Time of sample collection affected matching accuracy for both skin (reference) and surface samples (query). This may be driven by diurnal routines influencing microbial dispersal from these public surfaces. Returning home likely normalizes a person’s microbiome via contact with their household microbial reservoir. More research is needed with larger sample sizes and across a diverse range of situations to map out these effects and their mechanisms in more detail..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Biodiversity keeps our planet stable. Each species, no matter how small, plays an important role in this global balancing act. That’s why the current pace of biodiversity loss is so alarming. Unfortunately, slowing that pace is extremely difficult. Scientists must first take on the virtually impossible task of measuring the richness and variety of all life on earth—the tools for which are prone to error. Now, researchers have applied a technique that promises estimates that more closely reflect true biodiversity. Proven insightful for stony coral species found throughout the world, the approach could potentially be extended to other animals and plants. Researchers typically use two types of methods to measure biodiversity: by consulting occurrence datasets, which describe points where species have been physically counted, or by combining maps describing geographical ranges where a species is predicted to occur. Each has its own drawbacks. Occurrence datasets tend to be incomplete..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Every adult can make a difference in the lives of the young people around them Natural mentors -- extended family, neighbors, teachers, or friends -- who are trustworthy and consistent can help youth feel more confident and supported when facing stressful events A recent meta-analysis supports the vital role that caring adults play in kids' education, vocational performance, and emotional health, by fostering positive development and helping kids avoid the risks associated with the tumultuous years of adolescence Youth lacking these relationships can become isolated, and face psychological and emotional problems Teaching our kids ways to recruit natural mentors -- and encouraging adults to more freely share their social resources -- might just transform young lives Levi van Dam. “Does Natural Mentoring Matter? A Three Level Meta-analysis on the Association between Natural Mentoring and Youth Outcomes”. American Journal of Community Psychology (2018)..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Although traumatic events in childhood can lead to psychiatric disorders later in life, the biological origins for this relationship aren’t well defined. Overactivation of the immune system has been implicated in a range of psychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorder. Despite this well-known association, the events initially causing this activation remain a mystery. But a team of researchers in the Netherlands has uncovered a potential missing link: they found that traumatic events in childhood can cause inflammation that lasts into adolescence. This association is important because prior work has tied inflammation to the development of mood and anxiety disorders. The researchers surveyed one thousand teenagers affected by childhood trauma at ages 12, 14, 16 and 19. In addition, immune system activation at age 16 was evaluated by measuring high-sensitivity C reactive protein, a tell-tale sign of inflammation in the body..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Parents can do a lot to help kids get back on their feet after ACL surgery, from making sure they get the rest and nutrition they need to ensuring crucial physical therapy appointments are kept. A new study in The American Journal of Sports Medicine suggests a more personal investment might also be important to recovery. Researchers report that parents who donate a hamstring tendon for use as a surgical graft could improve their kids’ outcomes for years. Although hamstring tendon autografts are a common choice for ACL reconstruction, pediatric patients have unique characteristics that complicate this option. Taking a graft from a child still in development may cause persisting hamstring strength deficits and problems with walking and running. It’s also difficult to obtain a graft that’s large enough to prevent reinjury. These issues prompted researchers to take a closer look at how kids fare after ACL reconstruction using a graft donated from a parent..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most destructive virus in crustacean aquaculture, causing huge economic losses. Preventing the initial entry of the virus into host cells is likely the most economical way to control WSSV infection. However, the exact mechanism of virus invasion isn’t clear. To learn more, researchers recently investigated how WSSV evades the host immune system in the crayfish Procambrus clarkii. They found that the enzyme TRIM was significantly upregulated in WSSV-infected crayfish. A recombinant TRIM protein inhibited WSSV replication in the crayfish, while blocking TRIM promoted it, suggesting that this enzyme plays a protective role. Further experiments revealed that TRIM interacts with the viral protein VP26. This interaction keeps the host protein AP-1 from entering the nucleus and driving the expression of dynamin. Without dynamin, WSSV can’t enter the host cell via membrane vesicles..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and has high rates of recurrence and death. In patients with advanced HCC and poor liver function, surgery and ablation aren’t very effective, so pharmacotherapy is typically used. However, traditional antitumor drugs don’t have ideal properties or efficacy, and they’re highly toxic to normal cells. Recently developed nanotechnologies have shown promise for improving drug kinetics and efficacy against HCC. For example, nanoparticles can deliver drugs to tumor tissues and affect specific cells and molecules in the tumor microenvironment. These nanocarriers can reach their targets passively (due to intrinsic tumor characteristics) or actively (via molecules engineered onto their surfaces). Drug release from the nanoparticles can be induced by conditions common in tumors, such as hypoxia and acidification or by externally applied stimuli, such as light, heat, ultrasound, and magnetic fields..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Researchers from The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center have good news for patients with myelofibrosis, a serious cancer that causes blood cells to grow uncontrollably, leading to severe scarring in bone marrow. In concluding a clinical trial started in 2009, they’ve found a safe and effective long-term treatment option for patients with the disease. Overall, the trial results showed that treatment with ruxolitinib not only reduced some of the more severe symptoms of myelofibrosis but also significantly improved survival. The trial, called COMFORT-I, took place at 89 sites across Australia, Canada, and the USA and looked at about 300 patients with the worst types of myelofibrosis. Because the disease interferes with blood cell production, these patients experience symptoms such as severe weakness and fatigue, anemia and spleen enlargement. They also have shortened survival. In the trial, the patients were randomized to receive either ruxolitinib or a placebo..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of fatality and disability worldwide. Despite immense clinical efforts, treatments for TBI remain limited, and better understanding is needed. While most treatments have targeted neuronal cells, another cell type may also have an important role in TBI. Astrocytes, a subtype of brain-resident glial cells, help to control blood flow and maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system. These important cells have dual roles after TBI which must be better understood to improve treatment. During TBI, mechanical damage to neurons and blood vessels occurs instantly. This is followed by pathological processes - neuroinflammation and cell stress - mediated by astrocytes, among others. The astrocyte response is initiated to protect the central nervous system and promote wound healing but may become maladaptive over time as astrocytes can play bidirectional roles in plasticity and reconstruction after TBI..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Microbe-host epithelial cell interactions can promote or diminish the health of an epithelial barrier. The microbes and cells of the cervix and vagina are no exception. For example, high levels of Gardnerella vaginalis can lead to bacterial vaginosis, STDs, and preterm birth, while the presence of Lactobacillus species is usually associated with a healthy reproductive system. The host-microbiome interactions affecting cervicovaginal (CV) epithelial function were studied using CV epithelial cells mixed with G. vaginalis or Lactobacillus crispatus. G. vaginalis, but not L. crispatus, increased CV epithelial cell death. and G. vaginalis mediated an immune response in CV cells, partially through TLR2-dependent signaling pathways. In human CV fluid, cytokine immune profiling showed distinctive clustering of cytokines by Gardnerella spp. abundance and birth outcome..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the deadliest cancer worldwide, killing more than 80% of patients within five years of diagnosis. Aberrant TRIM protein expression is known to play an important role in NSCLC, but the mechanisms aren’t clear. To learn more, a recent study investigated TRIM15 dysregulation in NSCLC. In a tissue microarray, TRIM15 was upregulated in NSCLC versus control tissues, and high TRIM15 expression was associated with a poor prognosis. In vitro, TRIM15 knockdown in NSCLC cells decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while TRIM15 overexpression exerted the opposite effects, which were dependent on the RING domain with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Similar results of TRIM15 silencing and overexpression were obtained in vivo in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. Mechanistic experiments revealed that TRIM15 ubiquitinated Keap1, targeting it for degradation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Trophoblast cell invasion is tightly controlled during pregnancy, but aberrant invasion is associated with placental diseases such as preeclampsia. The protein EGF is known to exert a proinvasive effect on trophoblast cells through its receptor, EGFR, but the mechanism remains unclear. To learn more, researchers recently conducted in vitro studies on a human trophoblast cell line treated with EGF. They found that EGF reduced the expression and secretion of KISS1, a gene encoding the tumor metastasis-suppressing protein kisspeptin by activating the EGFR-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. EGF also downregulated ID3 expression, an effect that was required for EGF-mediated KISS1 suppression. Functional assays confirmed that EGF-induced KISS1 downregulation stimulated human trophoblast cell invasion and analyses of clinical samples revealed that patients with preeclampsia (PE) had reduced serum EGF levels and increased serum and placental KISS1 levels..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA may help prevent metabolic diseases and alleviate microbiome disruption, but how these fatty acids affect the gut microbiome and metabolome in diabetes remains unclear. To learn more, a new study examined the gut health of diabetic (db/db) mice fed EPA-/DHA-supplemented diets. Both EPA and DHA improved blood sugar-related indices in diabetic mice without affecting body weight and distinctly altered mouse gut microbiomes and fecal metabolomic profiles. In addition, both fatty acids accelerated gut glutamate degradation, which was strongly correlated with Coriobacteriaceae bacterial abundance. EPA and DHA increased the levels of beneficial short-chain fatty acids, while EPA decreased the levels of the bacterial endotoxin LPS. Notably, all of the effects were more evident for EPA than for DHA..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Scientists have uncovered new details about endothelial cell differentiation that could lead to better management of vascular disease. Endothelial cells are often damaged in conditions like coronary artery disease. This damage can be repaired through the transplantation of healthy endothelial cells. But acquiring these cells at the quantities and purity needed for therapeutic transplantation is no easy task. To help solve this problem, the researchers took a closer look at the molecular factors that direct stem cells to adopt an endothelial phenotype. The team started by isolating mononuclear cells from just 1 mL of blood. They later reprogrammed these cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. To accomplish this, they used an optimized, non-integrating protocol – with very good results. The stem cells were then differentiated into endothelial cells, and the researchers tracked gene expression throughout the process..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 10 million people across the globe. Despite improvements in treating the disease, doctors still have many unanswered questions, including when to start treatment. Now, researchers at the University of Rochester have taken another look at a past clinical trial to begin to answer that key question. Parkinson's occurs when neurons in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra die off. These neurons produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, and with the loss of those neurons, patients develop tremors, have difficulty moving, and show slow movement, among other symptoms. Restoring the dopamine with L-dopa or boosting levels with a dopamine agonist can help. Some studies have suggested that early dopaminergic treatment could protect neurons and slow disease progression. But that evidence isn't yet convincing, and the drugs might also cause uncontrolled, involuntary movements, leaving this an open question in the field..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new study suggests that early ACL reconstruction surgery delays secondary injury to the knee meniscus compared with delayed surgery or nonsurgical treatment. The findings are published in _The_ _American Journal of Sports Medicine_. The anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, is an important stabilizing structure in the knee. Injury to the ACL places additional stress on neighboring knee structures, such as the meniscus, increasing the risk of secondary injury. However, it’s unclear whether the type and timing of ACL reconstruction affect the risk of subsequent meniscal injury. To find out, researchers recently used machine learning to compare the risk and timing of secondary meniscal injury among patients whose ACL injuries were treated nonsurgically, with early reconstruction surgery, or with delayed reconstruction surgery. There was no significant difference in the overall occurrence of secondary meniscal injury in the patients who were treated with versus without surgery..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.