This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The mosquito microbiome is critical for mosquito development. Its influence on mosquito-borne pathogen transmission has resulted in increasing research interest. Although the mosquito microbiome has been extensively characterized, resulting in large amounts of data, neither standardized methods for mosquito microbiome research nor a curated data repository are available. With an overarching goal of collectively unravelling the role of the mosquito microbiome in mosquito biology, the authors created the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium to address this lack of standardized methods and data repository..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium infect millions of people around the globe. These two diseases have broad overlap in their endemic regions, and in some areas over a quarter of HIV patients also have malaria. But despite how common coinfection is, researchers know little about how coinfection and order of infection impact patients. So, a team of scientists turned to a Chinese rhesus macaque research model. In this model, instead of HIV, the macaques had the related virus simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The scientists found that animals infected with the malaria parasite before SIV produced more of the immune cells that SIV uses to replicate, increasing the viral load and accelerating disease progression. But when the infection order was reversed, a subsequent malaria infection activated virus-specific T cells against SIV. ultimately improving survival in those animals..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Researchers from the United Kingdom recently discovered several genes that protect neurons in Parkinson’s disease, creating possibilities for new treatment options. Two of the genes affect how mitochondria break down amino acids to generate nucleotides -- the metabolism of these molecules produces the energy that cells need to live. Dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism has been linked to Parkinson’s, and these researchers previously showed that boosting this generation of nucleotides can protect neurons. Based on these findings, they set out to identify the genes that control this process. Some forms of Parkinson’s are caused by mutations in the genes _PINK1_ and _PARKIN_, which are instrumental in mitochondrial quality control. Fruit flies with mutations in these genes accumulate defective mitochondria and exhibit Parkinson’s-like changes, including loss of neurons. The researchers used _PINK1_ and _PARKIN_ mutant flies to search for other critical Parkinson’s genes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Coral reefs are known to partner with a number of organisms for survival. including nitrogen-fixing microbes known as diazotrophs. A new study examined how these and other microbes vary among corals of different species and from different parts of the world— namely, Hawai’i, Curaçao, and Australia. The microbial makeup of the coral microbiome was found to vary with coral species, location, and ecological life history. For example, while diazotrophs of the order Rhizobiales were common to all coral microbiomes, they were 8 times as abundant in corals from Hawai’i than in corals from Curaçao or Australia. Interestingly, however, the factor contributing to the biggest differences in community structure was coral shape. Plate-like, branching, and solitary corals, for instance, showed communities that were genetically distinct from boulder-like corals. These findings confirm the known effects of coral shape and size on attributes such as light and food capture, gas exchange, and metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Increasing evidence links dietary fiber consumption to a reduced incidence of obesity-related diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. That’s especially true of fermentable fibers like arabinoxylan, which is derived from whole grains and cereals like corn and stimulates the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. But in clinical studies, the benefits appear to vary between individuals. To understand what drives that variability, researchers recently tested the effects of arabinoxylan versus microcrystalline cellulose (a non-fermentable fiber control) on the communities of microbes colonizing the guts of 31 adults with overweight and obesity. Over 6 weeks, arabinoxylan significantly altered the makeup of the fecal bacteria community and increased fecal concentrations of propionate, a short chain fatty acid linked to beneficial effects on metabolism and the immune system..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Our mouths are a vast jungle of microbial life. Here, more than 700 distinct types of microbes make their home, but not everywhere all at once. Each region (the tongue, teeth, gums, etc.) hosts a unique community of microorganisms. To explore this complex living structure, researchers examined the community of bacteria found in the dental plaque of 14 healthy volunteers. Samples indicated the well-known formation of intricate corncob-like structures, where a central filament made of cells of Corynebacteria (magenta) is decorated with “kernels” of spherical Streptococcus bacteria (green). A closer look revealed that these kernels can be composed of a single species of bacteria or contain mixtures of different species. The major corncob species were common to all 14 donors. Corncob composition likely was dictated by the metabolic and binding interactions shared between corncob residents..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A group of scientists collaborating across the US has developed a new tool to help understand eye diseases: cornea organoids, miniaturized corneas that can be grown in the lab using human stem cells. The cornea forms the outermost surface of the eye, and many disorders affecting eyesight arise from defects in this tissue, including some inherited forms of blindness. Traditional cell culture experiments have fallen short when trying to study these conditions because they don’t adequately capture the complex arrangement of cells and extracellular matrix found in the cornea. But organoids do, opening the door for new discoveries that could change how we treat eye disorders. To create this 3D model system, the researchers started with human stem cells to capture the earliest stages of development. By adding specific factors to the culture medium, the scientists were able to direct the cells into becoming cornea cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene approach to sequencing genetic material has revolutionized microbiome science. But it isn’t perfect. The method relies on the assumption that counts of rRNA genes translate into microbial abundance. Exceptions to that rule, however, are known, such as the observation that rRNA gene counts can be higher in fast-growing microbes. Now, researchers report a new relationship between rRNA genes and cell volume that could help correct for biases inherent to microbiome studies. An analysis of previously reported data showed that the number of 16S or 18S RNA genes per cell follows an allometric power law of cell volume. Applying this relationship to a dataset for bacteria found in intertidal rocks allowed for more accurate biovolume and cell count distributions to be estimated for all taxa detected. The development of more comprehensive cell-size databases could help strengthen the bias-correcting relationship and boost the power of current microbiome analyses..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"How does a person experiencing anesthesia lose consciousness? Despite billions of surgeries, scientists still don’t fully understand what happens in the brain when a patient goes under. New research in the journal Anesthesiology, however, provides a few more clues. Working in a group of patients with epilepsy, scientists used a new information measure to evaluate electrocorticography data -- and found that with anesthesia, there is a reduction in information integration and network connectivity. The team recorded electrocorticograms, or intracranial E-E-Gs, from nine patients who were anesthetized predominantly with propofol and underwent surgical treatment for epilepsy in China. To assess information integration, the team used a measure called [genuine permutation cross mutual information], or G-P-C-M-I. In an earlier study, they found the measure performed better than others using scalp EEG recordings..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive, treatment-resistant liver cancer. One factor associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC and other cancers is elevated levels of the enzyme WIP1. WIP1 removes phosphate groups from other proteins and is involved in many potentially pathogenic processes. Researchers recently explored WIP1 as a target for HCC treatment. In both patient databases and cell culture experiments, WIP1 was consistently elevated in HCC cells compared to normal liver cells. Further experiments revealed that inhibiting WIP1 slowed cancer progression by increasing DNA damage in cancerous cells, thus killing them. With less WIP1 available, more of the key homologous recombination repair protein H2AX was phosphorylated and impaired, allowing damage to accumulate in HCC cells. Cells from cancers with impaired homologous recombination repair, like breast cancer, can be killed by inhibiting another enzyme, PARP..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Glioblastoma is a highly malignant and frequently occurring tumor of the central nervous system. Recurrences are extremely common and often resist chemotherapy and radiotherapy, so new treatment options are needed. Immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies successful in treating other types of cancer have been tried, but glioblastoma has resisted them. An effective therapeutic strategy must account for 3 things: glioblastoma's ability to evade immune system surveillance; its location behind the blood-brain barrier, which generally shields it from chemical compounds; and its inherent resistance due to its mutations and the variety of cells it contains. A tumor vaccination approach, which targets innate features of glioblastoma cells, has shown some promise. Vaccines based on peptides, cells, DNA, and mRNA have been developed. Unfortunately, few trials have reached phase III, because most patients with recurrent glioblastoma are very ill..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A recent case study reports the apparent benefits of classical homeopathy for people with varying severities of psoriasis. Their conclusion: a more holistic approach that goes beyond skin clearance might be one solution for certain sufferers of the disease. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting more than 125 million people worldwide. In addition to its effect on the skin, psoriasis can take a psychological toll due to its appearance. And if tied to systemic inflammation, it can even cause serious morbidity or death. Modern treatment options for psoriasis, such as the use of biologics, are designed to block the inflammatory factors that give rise to disease symptoms. While generally effective, these agents can actually weaken a patient’s immune system, making their prolonged use risky. That has many researchers exploring alternative routes for treatment that go beyond clear skin to achieve a better quality of life..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Non-small cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. While radiation therapy can be powerful against NSCLC, lung cancer cells may develop resistance. A new study traces this “radioresistance” to a protein that interacts with estrogen receptor ERβ. ERβ is known to alter the radiation sensitivity of certain breast cancer cells. So researchers wondered: Might ERβ might do the same in cells affected by NSCLC? To find out, they blasted lab-grown cells with gamma rays and tracked ERβ’s behavior. Results showed that radiation indirectly activated ERβ-based defenses through the protein CLPTM1L. CLPTM1L is abnormally expressed in the cytoplasm of many human lung cancer cells, especially in cells affected by NSCLC. A closer look revealed that radiation caused CLPTM1L to migrate to the nucleus of cancer cells, where it gained direct access to ERβ’s genetic machinery and its ability to induce radioresistance..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Genetics can affect many aspects of human health, in part by influencing the composition of the gut microbiome. The associations between genetic variants and individual microbial taxa are often investigated with genome-wide association studies (GWASs). However, typical GWASs have low statistical power, because they require extensive multiple testing and can’t account for inherent data structure. To help solve this problem, researchers recently developed a new approach: a covariate-adjusted kernel RV (KRV) framework. This framework compares pairwise similarity in genetic profiles to pairwise similarity in microbial profiles therefore reducing the multiple testing burden without obscuring the data structure. In simulation studies, the KRV framework had greater statistical power than other microbiome GWAS approaches in a range of scenarios..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys memory and thinking skills Every year, the number of people affected by the disease continues to grow That has some researchers looking to the fruit fly for answers One team has found that linking two parts of the cell closer together may help Linking the endoplasmic reticulum, which forms proteins and stores calcium to the mitochondria, which power the cell can actually improve motor function in fruit flies and help them live longer This technique works in flies with brain plaques similar to those found in humans with Alzheimer’s disease Part of the reason could be improved access to calcium Forcing the organelles together helps calcium migrate more easily from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria This sends the mitochondria into overdrive because calcium acts as a lubricant for the mitochondrial machinery that pumps out energy So easy access to calcium means more energy output Clarifying how that transl.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Regular physical activity is important for children’s physical and mental wellbeing and academic performance. Unfortunately, too many children are not moving enough. Globally, 50% of children don’t meet the internationally-recognized target of 60 minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. This rises to four out of five children in westernised, high-income countries. While schools systems and teachers can play a central role in providing high-quality physical activity, and transform this statistic. At present, little guidance exists on what a true whole-school physical activity approach should look like. Now, researchers, policymakers and practitioners from the UK have laid the groundwork for getting there. This is the Creating Active Schools Framework. Using experience-based co-design, fifty school experts recently gathered to co-create a comprehensive whole-school physical activity framework..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Probiotic foods can help boost human health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, but although probiotic bacteria can protect against infections with pathogens, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this interaction. In a new study, researchers evaluated the microbiome of a unique fermented kefir mixture. One of the predominant microbes found was the fungus Kluyveromyces marxianus, and a metabolite secreted by fungi – tryptophol acetate, which inhibits bacterial communication and virulence – was identified in the probiotic drink. Tryptophol acetate blocked the ability of the gut pathogen Vibrio cholerae to chemically sense bacterial density and form biofilms and altered the expression of genes associated with virulence. Although further studies are needed to fully understand the effects of probiotics on harmful gut bacteria, these results uncover a new cross-kingdom inhibition mechanism, where probiotic yeast prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer worldwide. Due to its complex pathology, breast cancer is often diagnosed late in its development—when it has already spread to other body parts. STAT3 is one protein known to play an important role in breast cancer, regulating gene expression within tumor cells to drive cancer progression, but growing evidence shows that STAT3 plays an equally important role outside of tumor cells—within the “tumor microenvironment”. Here, STAT3 suppresses immune defenses through interactions with various cells including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Interestingly, STAT3’s capacity to bypass these defenses relies on pathways for both immune suppression and activation. These findings make STAT3 an attractive target for anticancer therapies, which could help patients with breast cancer receive effective treatment as early as possible..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Real-world data and real-world evidence are terms widely used in the field of health care. In fact, various stakeholders are showing increasing interest in using real world data and real world evidence. Pharmaceutical companies, for example, use real world data for various purposes—from the early stages of development to post-launch. One hot topic focuses on using real world data and real world evidence to support regulatory decision making to deliver drugs faster to patients with high medical needs. This has been the subject of active discussion in the US, Europe, Japan and other countries, leading to regulatory reform and improvement of the implementation environment. However, there are barriers to the regulatory acceptance and use of both real world data and real world evidence. Real world data should be evaluated not only for quality but also for data relevance. There is a lack of universally accepted methodological criteria..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The protein eIF6 is involved in ribosome formation and mRNA translation and is essential for the growth and reproduction of cells, including cancer cells. However, eIF6’s role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. To learn more, researchers recently analyzed eIF6 in 233 OSCC samples and in OSCC cell lines. They found that cytoplasmic eIF6 expression was abnormally high in OSCC tissues and was associated with tumor size and clinical grade. Upregulating eIF6 promoted OSCC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and enhanced tumor growth in vivo. eIF6 also encouraged epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process necessary for cancer cell migration, in OSCC cells, but depletion of eIF6 (with sh-eIF6-2) suppressed the cancer-enhancing effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that eIF6 exerted its tumor progression-promoting effects by activating the AKT signaling pathway, and further experiments confirmed that eIF6 and AKT directly interacted in the cytoplasm..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.