This session presents an overview of the association between water, sanitation, hygiene and human health. A particular focus upon transmission and treatment of diarrhea disease among small children. Other diseases given particular priority in the presentation include Hepatitis A and E viruses and bacteria that cause cholera or typhoid fever. Likewise, the importance of water-washed diseases, especially infectious skin and eye diseases, such as scabies and trachoma are presented. The preventive actions needed to reduce the burden of the various infectious diseases associated with water, sanitation and hygiene will be introduced.

Infectious diseases have a specific, ethiological cause, e.g. a microbe such as tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, most people exposed to TB does not develop the disease. What determines this may be poverty, weakening of the person by other diseases or smoking and alcohol. So-called life-style diseases are (also) determined by the way you live, and include prevalent non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases, but besides of risk factors such as smoking and drinking or over-eating, the living conditions matter equally and sometimes more. The environment, climate changes, urbanization, socio-economic factors all impact health and disease. When an individual grows older, patterns of his/her diseases changes: the same applies when a society grows ‘older’.

Previously infectious diseases previously caused the majority of ill-health and premature death globally, but in high- and middle-income countries during the 20.th century infectious diseases – with the exception of HIV – declined. Introduction of hygiene and discovery of microbes and later vaccines an antibiotics contributed to the decline, but changing living conditions with better housing, nutrition, water and sanitation were the main drivers of infectious diseases’ decline.

This session will expand the student´s knowledge about human health and quality of life in the context of global and local ecology. Examples will be provided on how environmental management and development influence human health. The session provide an overview of the disease burden attributable to the environment, and much of this burden is placed across different geographical regions of the world. Examples will be presented on the impacts of poor quality water, insufficient access to water, lack of appropriate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. Other examples of environmental health factors included relate to reduced forest cover, unsustainable agricultural production systems, climate change, and poor management of natural resources that significantly influence livelihood, food security and migration patterns.

This presentation provides an introduction to the principles of demographic and epidemiological transition with specific focus on how changes in life expectancy, socio-economic factors and life conditions will change the landscape of global disease burdens.

WHO has estimated that about 100 million people are driven below the poverty line every year because of out-of-pocket payments for health services. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a strategy to ensure that all people can use health services of sufficient quality to be effective, while the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship. UHC receives increasing global attention, strongly promoted by the WHO, and the strategy is a cornerstone of the global post 2015-agenda for health. In this video lesson we will discuss three central questions for achieving UHC: How to secure adequate financing for health, how to protect the poor from financial consequences of ill health, and how to encourage optimum use of resources.

This interview provides an introduction to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) regarding the global control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). The FCTC treaty is a response to the worry of member states, that tobacco is not decreasing but rather growing. Furthermore it is discussed how we can make sure people don’t start smoking or quit as early as possible.
Participants: Programme manager Kristina Mauer-Stender.

What will be the health innovations of the future? Listen to Asli Kulane explain how mHealth can be used to improve health outcomes.
Get transcript for video here: https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/58789/overview

This presentation provides an overview of the major determinants and specific drivers of epidemiological transition and changes in disease burdens, including demographic factors, urbanisation, diet, economics, climate changes, disasters, health sector reforms, health care and health care technology.

Global Health Governance is how we create an organized response to health at the global level. Each country has its own health system, but health issues are become international, as people travel, and goods and services (for example tobacco sales) are becoming increasingly globalised, and challenges such as climate change have a wide reach. WHO has an important guiding role in the global health architecture, but it has limited funding and mandate to establish and implement legally binding acts.

HIV is one of our newest diseases, discovered in the early 1980s. From being a disease with no cure, it is now a disease that people who have access to drugs live with chronically.
Get transcript for video here: https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/58789/overview

This video on HIV in Global Health introduces the student to the origin, and major milestones in the HIV pandemic. Students will learn about scientific breakthroughs in HIV research including important trials. The video also provides insight into public health initiatives to limit the pandemic such as ART programs and different testing strategies. Finally the video sums up future challenges for ending the HIV pandemic.

The purpose of this video lesson is to expand the student's knowledge about the use and non-use of public health care facilities in low-income societies. Students will learn that a range of different factors, such as availability, accessibility, cost and quality of care play important roles when rural citizens take decisions about health care seeking. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Burkina Faso, West Africa, this lesson explains why public health care facilities in the global south sometimes are underutilized.

What determines our health? Why does life expectancy differ so much from country to country, or even from one group to another in the same country? Well, there is no easy answer to these questions. There are many factors that play a part in determining the well-being of the population, or even of an individual. In global health, we call these factors determinants of health. Determinants of health interact with each other, and influence our health status is in numerous ways, in turn influencing our well-being, morbidity, mortality, and life expectancy. As you already know, the first and most important health determinant is income. Income of an individual or a household, but also income of the country a person lives in. Other important health determinants are education, access to water, diet, environment and many more. In this presentation we will look closer at how health determinants determine an individual’s health, and how different health determinants interact with each other.

Get transcript for video here: https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/58789/overview

No matter what your area of interest is, you need to know how to evaluate your subject, how to measure it. Global health is measured using something we call health indicators. To understand how a population in a country, or in a region, or even a part of a city is doing, you need to know its health indicators. How long do people live in this country? How many children die before they reach their fifth birthday in this city? What is the weight of children and adults in the northern part of the country? How many women die in childbirth in the country? Once you have looked at these numbers and compared them with other populations, you can make sense of the health situation of a population. In this lecture you will some basic health indicators, and also how the data is collected.
Get transcript for video here: https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/58789/overview

When researchers have spent years on finding evidence for a solution to a health problem, it is not enough for this solution to reach people. Health policy, that is getting policy and decision makers on board to translate evidence into action must also take place. Learn more about it here.
Get transcript for video here: https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/58789/overview

Different countries have different health systems, and some are better at providing care for their population than others. Learn about the differences in this lecture.
Get transcript for video here: https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/58789/overview

This presentation provides an introduction to the health implications of complex emergencies. In the light of research conducted in Guinea-Bissau and South Sudan, it is described how complex emergencies affects populations’ health and affected populations’ response to complex emergencies.

This presentation discusses how the political instability has an impact on health care services. It focuses upon a period in Uganda where the government health facilities were neglected resulting in the lack of adequate health care provision and access to medicines. Following the instability in the country, the development and management of its health care services was highly dependent on funding from external donors and significant international influence on national services, including health care programs.
Participants: Professor Susan Whyte.

This presentation provides an introduction to diarrheal diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and other disease causing agents or pathogens. Furthermore, we’ll look at the range of syndromes associated with diarrhea and uncover two significant pathogens: rotavirus and vibrio cholera. Finally, we’ll delve into methods for managing diarrheal diseases and the significance of sanitation in preventing diarrheal diseases.