By the end of this section, you will be able to:Define “energy”Explain the difference between kinetic and potential energyDiscuss the concepts of free energy and activation energyDescribe endergonic and exergonic reactions

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the concept of entropyExplain the first and second laws of thermodynamics

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Discuss the concept of entropyExplain the first and second laws of thermodynamics

This subject deals primarily with kinetic and equilibrium mathematical models of biomolecular interactions, as well as the application of these quantitative analyses to biological problems across a wide range of levels of organization, from individual molecular interactions to populations of cells.

Digestion process of carbohydrates is conversion of complex molecules are converted into simple sugars.Absorption takes place in small intestine by active and passive transport.Metabolism - Oxidation by Glycolysis 

Video tutorial for cellular respiration: overview, glycolysis, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.

Life as an emergent property of networks of chemical reactions involving proteins and nucleic acids. Mathematical theories of metabolism, gene regulation, signal transduction, chemotaxis, excitability, motility, mitosis, development, and immunity. Applications to directed molecular evolution, DNA computing, and metabolic and genetic engineering.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Built environment microbiomes are shaped by their occupants and the outside environment. These microbiomes can have a profound impact on the health of its occupants. The International Space Station (ISS) is a uniquely sealed environment, with only the arrival of crewmembers and supplies introducing new microbes. Monitoring the ISS microbiome is important to ensure astronaut health and spacecraft integrity. So, a recent study used samples from two long-term projects, Microbial Tracking 1 and 2, which sampled the same surfaces over two 14-month-long periods. The ISS surface microbiome was dominated by microbes associated with human skin. The most represented groups were Staphylococcus and Malassezia among bacteria and fungi, respectively. Community abundances shifted over time, but did not differ between surfaces. Overall, the metabolism genes tended towards amino acid utilization rather than carbohydrate metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This course addresses the challenges of defining a relationship between exposure to environmental chemicals and human disease. Course topics include epidemiological approaches to understanding disease causation; biostatistical methods; evaluation of human exposure to chemicals, and their internal distribution, metabolism, reactions with cellular components, and biological effects; and qualitative and quantitative health risk assessment methods used in the U.S. as bases for regulatory decision-making. Throughout the term, students consider case studies of local and national interest.

This course addresses the challenges of defining a relationship between exposure to environmental chemicals and human disease. Course topics include epidemiological approaches to understanding disease causation; biostatistical methods; evaluation of human exposure to chemicals, and their internal distribution, metabolism, reactions with cellular components, and biological effects; and qualitative and quantitative health risk assessment methods used in the U.S. as bases for regulatory decision-making. Throughout the term, students consider case studies of local and national interest.

This is information to be used for a General Biology I (or Introduction to Biology) course for non-science majors.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Increasing evidence links dietary fiber consumption to a reduced incidence of obesity-related diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. That’s especially true of fermentable fibers like arabinoxylan, which is derived from whole grains and cereals like corn and stimulates the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. But in clinical studies, the benefits appear to vary between individuals. To understand what drives that variability, researchers recently tested the effects of arabinoxylan versus microcrystalline cellulose (a non-fermentable fiber control) on the communities of microbes colonizing the guts of 31 adults with overweight and obesity. Over 6 weeks, arabinoxylan significantly altered the makeup of the fecal bacteria community and increased fecal concentrations of propionate, a short chain fatty acid linked to beneficial effects on metabolism and the immune system..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. IBS can have profound effects on quality of life, and treatment options are limited. While several studies have found associations between dietary habits and the gut microbiome in healthy individuals, studies in patients with IBS are limited. To better understand this relationship in IBS, researchers studied food diary data and sequenced gut microbiota in 149 individuals with IBS and 52 healthy controls. They found that individuals with IBS tended to show a higher intake of poorer quality food during main meals. Covariation between gut microbiota and diet corresponded with IBS symptom severity, exhaled gas, glycan metabolism, and meat/plant ratio, and IBS severity was associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen production, with changes seen in enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Movement of ions in and out of cells is crucial to maintaining homeostasis within the body and ensuring that biological functions run properly. The natural movement of molecules due to collisions is called diffusion. Several factors affect diffusion rate: concentration, surface area, and molecular pumps. This activity demonstrates diffusion, osmosis, and active transport through 12 interactive models.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The characteristics of the world around us vary from one location to the next. This is also true of aquatic environments, where bottom-dwelling microorganisms must cope with variation in temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients. Unfortunately, little is known about how these microbial communities and their functional genes respond to environmental changes. A team of researchers at Stockholm University recently set out to do just that by collecting samples of sediment at 59 sites spanning 1,145 km across the Baltic Sea. They characterized the environmental attributes and microbial community at each site using genetic sequencing and other laboratory techniques. The researchers found that salinity and dissolved oxygen content had the greatest effects on the microbes making up each community with the communities in oxygen-deficient “dead” zones being particularly dissimilar to those with higher dissolved oxygen content..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Flavonoids are ubiquitous, nutritionally non-essential natural products of plants and they are frequently used to promote health. However, flavonoid metabolism and the impact of flavonoids on gut microbiomes are not well understood. Bamboo is particularly flavonoid rich, making giant pandas, with their all-bamboo diet, a unique research target. A recent study examined the diet, feces, and plasma of giant pandas to get a comprehensive view of flavonoid metabolism and its impact on the gut microbiome. The researchers found that bamboo leaves had more flavonoids than bamboo shoots. They also found that only a small fraction of dietary flavonoids were absorbed into the bloodstream and that the gut microbiota extensively utilized and transformed the flavonoids. The seasonal shifts in the flavonoid profile of bamboo drove changes to the gut microbial composition..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This team-taught multidisciplinary course provides information relevant to the conduct and interpretation of human brain mapping studies. It begins with in-depth coverage of the physics of image formation, mechanisms of image contrast, and the physiological basis for image signals. Parenchymal and cerebrovascular neuroanatomy and application of sophisticated structural analysis algorithms for segmentation and registration of functional data are discussed. Additional topics include: fMRI experimental design including block design, event related and exploratory data analysis methods, and building and applying statistical models for fMRI data; and human subject issues including informed consent, institutional review board requirements and safety in the high field environment.

Additional Faculty
Div Bolar
Dr. Bradford Dickerson
Dr. John Gabrieli
Dr. Doug Greve
Dr. Karl Helmer
Dr. Dara Manoach
Dr. Jason Mitchell
Dr. Christopher Moore
Dr. Vitaly Napadow
Dr. Jon Polimeni
Dr. Sonia Pujol
Dr. Bruce Rosen
Dr. Mert Sabuncu
Dr. David Salat
Dr. Robert Savoy
Dr. David Somers
Dr. A. Gregory Sorensen
Dr. Christina Triantafyllou
Dr. Wim Vanduffel
Dr. Mark Vangel
Dr. Lawrence Wald
Dr. Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
Dr. Anastasia Yendiki

Build a gene network! The lac operon is a set of genes which are responsible for the metabolism of lactose in some bacterial cells. Explore the effects of mutations within the lac operon by adding or removing genes from the DNA.

Build a gene network! The lac operon is a set of genes which are responsible for the metabolism of lactose in some bacterial cells. Explore the effects of mutations within the lac operon by adding or removing genes from the DNA.