This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"For people with diabetes, the dangers of high blood sugar are long established. Now, scientists have uncovered additional components in the blood that can worsen the disease. In a new article in the Journal of Physiology, researchers report that microparticles shed from cells under diabetic conditions have unique inflammatory properties that may help explain the multiple organ vascular dysfunction that’s common to the disease. Microparticles have been increasingly recognized as important biomarkers in various health conditions. But most prior reports have relied on in vitro studies to evaluate particle function. Because in vitro experiments can’t fully replicate physiological conditions, defining exactly how microparticles affect disease progression has been tricky. This prompted researchers to look at the link between microparticles and diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction in vivo, in the microvessels of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a well-defined manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD) that greatly impairs functioning and quality of life But the contribution of cerebral perfusion to MCI in PD remains poorly understood To address this gap, a new study uses multidelay multiparametric arterial spin labeling to investigate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial transit time (ATT) in patients with PD Researchers compared these variables among 39 early-stage PD patients with either MCI or normal cognition and 36 age- and gender-matched healthy controls They found that ATT is a more sensitive marker for MCI than CBF, indicating a potential role for the thalamus and inferior parietal region in early-stage PD Greater focus on ATT is expected to reveal new insights into PD pathophysiology, help predict cognitive decline and offer a way to monitor disease progression Most importantly, using ATT as a biomarker could help identify the need for disease-modifying interventions before irreversible change.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"(Pro)renin receptor, or (P)RR, is a cell receptor expressed throughout the body. Historically, knowledge about (P)RR has been limited to its functions in the heart and kidneys. But now, growing evidence suggests (P)RR plays a major role in various cancers. Over the last 5 years, researchers have discovered that certain cancers produce abnormally high amounts of (P)RR . which can trigger the formation of tumors in the pancreas, colon, and brain. A recently published review outlines the numerous newly recognized roles of (P)RR in cancer. as well as ways that (P)RR can be used against cancer. including as a target for monoclonal antibody therapy. To read the full review, visit biosignaling.biomedcentral..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Breast cancer accounts for more than 6% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide; the main cause of death being metastasis to other tissues. One factor that leads to this spread is breast cancer’s resistance to chemotherapy. A recent study reveals a molecular target that could curb the persistent progression of breast cancer. The protein RelB was observed to be overexpressed in human breast cancer tissue promoting cancer cell proliferation by decreasing normally programmed cell death and increasing cell mobility. Genetically switching RelB expression off dramatically reduced and even prevented breast tumor growth in mice. RelB’s cancer-promoting functions are linked to its activation of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, which helps sustain breast cancer metastasis under low-estrogen conditions. Targeting this under-examined pathway could be one way to prevent the spread of breast cancer cells and thereby boost anti-cancer therapies for millions of patients around the globe..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Gliomas are the most common brain tumors They’re also the most aggressive, able to resist various forms of chemotherapy Part of that ability comes from cancer stem cells rare cells with the capacity to form new tumors Researchers recently set out to understand how these cells are linked to drug resistance and prognosis among patients with glioma Using data from gene atlases, they developed a so-called risk signature This signature was designed to identify genetic factors tied to an increased risk of resistance to the popular chemotherapy drug temozolomide Tests showed that the risk signature could well predict the prognosis of patients with drug-resistant gliomas with a high risk score indicating shorter survival and malignant traits The risk signature also provides new ways to classify gliomas which could help clinicians deliver targeted treatment sooner With further refinement, the signature could serve as a stand-alone biomarker for the personalized treatment of patients with glioma.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Pancreatic cancer remains extremely deadly despite advances in detection and treatment, largely because the cancer microenvironment protects the cancer cells from therapies. This microenvironment consists of various cell types, connective material, and secreted factors such as small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). sEVs carry proteins, nucleic acids, and other bioactive substances and are important vehicles for cell–cell communication, including pro-metastasis communication. For example, sEVs derived from pancreatic cancer cells can recruit pancreatic stellate cells, major components of the tumor stroma, to tumor sites. They can also promote inflammation and fibrosis. In turn, sEVs derived from pancreatic stellate cells can stimulate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, sEVs from tumor sites can transport proangiogenic factors to distant organs to form pre-metastatic niches..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and metastatic breast cancer remains highly lethal. During metastasis, cancer cells migrate from the breast to areas called pre-metastatic niches, which are favorable for cancer growth. These niches are created with the help of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) released by breast cancer cells. Via their protein and RNA cargoes, sEVs encourage inflammation in the niches and suppress immunity, allowing arriving cancer cells to escape immune detection. By promoting new blood vessel formation and leakage of existing blood vessels, sEVs ensure a supply of nutrients for cancer growth in the niches. They can also transform certain cell types in the niches into cancer-supporting cells called cancer-associated fibroblasts. The expression patterns of proteins called integrins in sEVs help determine exactly where metastatic cancer cells will settle, such as in the lungs, liver, or brain..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Meniscal tears are one of the most frequent knee injuries and the most common pathology leading to arthroscopic surgery in the United States. It’s no surprise, then, that there’s been a lot of research into how repairing these injuries affects joint kinematics and biomechanics. But meniscal injury also causes changes on the microscopic scale, in the joint microenvironment. Tracking these changes could provide important clues into the cellular processes that promote the development of conditions like post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Researchers from the NYU Langone Orthopedic Center are using synovial fluid biomarkers to take a closer look at this link. The team evaluated 41 patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery to treat a symptomatic, unilateral meniscal injury. Synovial fluid samples were collected at the time of surgery from both the operative and contralateral knee. The concentrations of 10 synovial fluid biomarkers were then compared between knees..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In cancer cells, even seemingly small gene expression changes can have a devastating impact, but for some molecules, like the enzyme USP22, researchers don’t know how their expression is regulated. High expression of USP22 is associated with poor prognosis in many human cancers. But the gene for USP22 is rarely mutated, suggesting that the expression changes happen at the transcription step. So, researchers set out to find transcription factors, which are transcription-modulating proteins, that regulate USP22. After identifying several that modulate USP22 expression, they focused on two related factors that increased USP22 expression, AP2α, and AP2β. Overexpressing AP2α/β in cultured non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells increased the expression of USP22 and the protein it targets, Cyclin D1, while also increasing the cancer cell behaviors proliferation, migration, and invasion..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and its mortality continues to rise. Its aggressiveness, presentation at an advanced stage, and resistance to most treatments have made this cancer very difficult to treat. Therefore, identifying novel PDAC biomarkers for predicting survival and monitoring therapy response is critical. Most studies have searched for gene signature biomarkers for PDAC. But the complexity of this cancer has made finding these types of biomarkers difficult. A recent study analyzed the usefulness of using functional signatures as biomarkers for this disease. Using an analytical method called Functional Analysis of Individual Microarray Expression (FAIME), the researchers converted transcriptional information into molecular functional profiles. They identified a functional signature belonging to the drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 pathway that better predicted prognosis, drug response, and chemotherapeutic efficacy for PDAC..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Some commercial fish species have both wild and farmed populations. Distinguishing between them is important for identifying escaped fish, managing food safety risk, and setting appropriate market prices. However, for many species, suitable genetic markers haven’t yet been discovered. To provide an alternative, researchers recently tried to use gut microbiome data to differentiate between wild and farmed large yellow croaker. Compared with those of wild croaker, the rectums of farmed croaker had lower microbial diversity (Shannon index values) and bacterial loads, and different microbiome compositions that were distinguishable despite high inter-batch variability. For example, the wild fish microbiome was dominated by _Psychrobacter_ spp., while the farmed fish microbiome was not. The predicted functions of the gut microbes also differed between wild and farmed croaker, presumably because the populations have divergent diets and thus divergent gut environments..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that can modulate gene expression to affect numerous biological processes. One such molecule, miRNA-93, is dysregulated in various diseases and might be a valuable marker of prognosis. For example, it’s generally upregulated in lung cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, osteosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma, where it promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion to drive cancer progression. It can also induce the development of chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, miRNA-93 contributes to coronary artery blockage, Parkinson’s disease, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and acute kidney injury. However, it’s not always upregulated in disease. In fact, it’s downregulated in gastric, bladder, cervical, and renal cancer, sometimes exerting anti-tumor effects. These differences emphasize the need to truly understand miRNA-93’s role in a specific disease before using miRNA-93 as a prognostic marker or treatment target..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Close to 25% of patients undergoing kidney transplantation experience subclinical acute rejection which can lead to chronic graft rejection and ongoing kidney damage To date, invasive surveillance kidney biopsies have been the only way to diagnose or exclude subclinical rejection Now, researchers have developed a noninvasive blood test for the condition The first of its kind, the test picks up on a novel biomarker that signals whether the body is in a state of silent rejection The approach not only identifies new cases of subclinical rejection but can also be used to monitor whether treatment for rejection is effective This molecular information can help guide personalized treatment decisions and may just improve patient outcomes following kidney transplantation Friedewald, et al. Development and clinical validity of a novel blood-based molecular biomarker for sub-clinical acute rejection following kidney transplant. (2018) American Journal of Transplantation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Differential abundance analysis (DAA) is a key statistical method for comparing microbiome compositions under different conditions, such as health vs. disease. However, DAA is complicated by the use of relative, rather than absolute, abundance values and by a high risk of false positives, or detection of significant effects when there aren’t any. In addition, the existing DAA tools can produce very divergent results from the same data, making it difficult to select the best tool. To provide guidance, a new study comprehensively evaluated the currently available tools with simulations based on real data. The researchers found that none of the tools were simultaneously robust, powerful, and flexible. Therefore, they concluded that none were suitable for blind application to real microbiome datasets. To build a better path forward, the researchers designed a new tool, ZicoSeq that drew on the strengths of the other available DAA methods while addressing their major limitations..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Researchers have taken a significant step towards personalizing the treatment of cancer. Using DNA sequencing, they’ve developed a way to scan blood samples for mutations in circulating tumor DNA -- small bits of genetic material that are released as cancer cells die. The genomic reservoir contained in this DNA is representative of nearly all tumors carried by a patient, providing the foundation needed for comprehensive genetic profiling. Such profiling may help clinicians select the most appropriate therapies for a given patient. The genetic mutations giving rise todrivingthat drive cancer development often differ markedly among individuals. Interventions that match a patient’s unique genetic profile offer great promise, but obtaining tumor tissue for genetic testing can be invasive, and risky and sometimes impossible. To bypass these limitations, the researchers established a way to enrichextract, sequence, and analyze circulating tumor DNA..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.