This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Chronic diarrhea is a messy disease that can even be fatal. In addition to being widespread in humans, it’s common in captive rhesus macaques, which are important research animals. However, the causes of chronic diarrhea are often murky. To learn more, researchers recently compared the gut microbiomes of rhesus macaques with and without chronic diarrhea. According to metagenomic sequencing, sick macaques had significant depletion of Lactobacillus bacteria but increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens and bacteria that degrade the protective intestinal mucus layer. Metabolic pathways related to virulence factor synthesis were also activated in macaques with diarrhea, whereas beneficial short-chain fatty acid pathways were enhanced in asymptomatic macaques. In addition, compared with those of asymptomatic macaques, the gut bacteria of sick macaques had higher expression of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and greater resistance to most tested antibiotics..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Influenza infection can be tough to fight on its own, but secondary bacterial infections can make influenza even more serious, especially among elderly and immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria have the potential to become antibiotic resistant, making treatment even more complicated. Unfortunately, the expression of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by microbes in the respiratory tract is not well understood. A recent study sought to characterize ARG expression in microbes during influenza infection. Researchers evaluated nasal swab samples and blood samples from 37 influenza-infected patients. Sequencing revealed that ARG expression was particularly common in S. aureus and S. pneumoniae species in the airway, and host transcriptome profiling identified several host key regulators involved in the influenza response, suggesting that the respiratory tract may be an important reservoir of ARGs in humans..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections have become a public health crisis. Their incidence has increased in the past decades, driven by the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but how these ARGs are acquired by bacteria in the environment is not completely known. Human interaction with the environment can spread resistant bacteria, further influencing the antibiotic resistance properties of environmental microbes. In a new study, researchers sought to characterize how human activities influence the environmental “resistome.” They surveyed the microbiome, resistome, and mobilome of planktonic microbial communities in the Han River. The study was extensive, with samples spanning the length of the river over three seasons. Using integrative metagenomic analyses, they found that fecal contamination from humans influenced the resistome in densely populated areas of the river, but interestingly, fecal bacteria weren’t the main factor influencing the ARG increase..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Downloadable transcripts for the videos from Karolinska Institutet, from the course "An Introduction to Global Health".The course is originally published at EdX. 

The discovery of antibiotics less than 100 years ago revolutionized health care, making former deadly diseases treatable. Still many people especially in low-income countries do not have access to these life-saving drugs, while att he same time, in many other arts of the world over-consumption of antibiotics is driving antimicrobial resistance, threatening to throw us back 100 years in time.
Get transcript for video here: https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/module/58789/overview

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Built environments harbor a wide variety of microorganisms, and these microbial communities include both pathogens and strains carrying antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. One built environment that brings people together in our increasingly modern, urban world is public transit, so it's important to understand the relationships among the public transit environment, passengers, and microbes, including those in the air. Recently, researchers sequenced air microbiomes from public transit in 6 cities in North America, Europe, and Asia. City was the main factor associated with differences in public transit air microbiomes. Most AR genes came from human skin, soil, and wastewater and were found near mobile genetic elements including plasmids. Public transit air microbes were geographically specific, and the AR genes in public transit air came from passengers and the environment, including nearby surfaces..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The microorganisms that inhabit our food processing facilities influence the safety of our food. Overuse of antibiotics while raising food animals can lead to an accumulation of antimicrobial resistance genes in their gut microbiomes, which may jump to resident microbes at the processing plant. This means meat processing facilities may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant microbes. To test this, researchers monitored microbial communities and their resistance genes for one and a half years in a new pork processing plant. Early on, the plant harbored few bacterial families, but over time, the diversity increased, and the communities on different surfaces diverged. At the same time, the overall abundance and diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes rose. The sharing of resistance genes between microbes was primarily detected in the facility’s drains late in the observation period..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Could doctors one day prescribe electrical stimulation to fight a bacterial infection? Work by an interdisciplinary team of researchers at AIMES suggests that might be possible. In line with the Goals of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda, researchers at AIMES are dedicated to promoting “Good Health and Well-Being” by achieving a better understanding of bacterial infections and the body’s defenses against them. Some of their latest findings reveal a new aspect of host–pathogen interactions. In addition to the cascade of chemical signals that are activated when bacteria invade, the body might also conduct electrical signals across nerves—enabling the infected organ to call distant parts of the body to action. The team uncovered this form of “biological telecommunication” by studying rats with kidney infections caused by strains of E. coli. Within as little as 4 hours of infection, they could detect an immune response all the way in the spleen..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Horizontal gene transfer helps shape bacterial communities and drives the spread of antibiotic resistance. Of the three horizontal gene transfer pathways, conjugation has been studied the most in the context of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics themselves can trigger these transfers, but the impact of other types of pharmaceuticals in natural environments remains to be explored. To close this gap, researchers examined several common non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals in a model of wastewater treatment plant activated sludge. The tested compounds covered multiple drug classes including an anticonvulsant, a lipid-lowering drug, a β-blocker, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Environmentally relevant concentrations of the compounds promoted conjugative transfer of IncP1-α, a plasmid that carries antibiotic resistance. Exposure to these compounds spread IncP1-α across entire microbial communities..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Babies born before 37 weeks often need antibiotics to stave off infection. Antibiotic exposure like this can increase the amount of antibiotic resistance genes carried by the microbes in their gut. But giving them a probiotic of beneficial bacteria may help. To test this, researchers examined the microbiome antibiotic resistance genes in three groups of infants: preterm infants with probiotic supplementation, preterm infants without probiotic supplementation, and full-term infants. The samples were collected from the preterm infants near their predicted due date and from the full-term infants when they were 10 days old. Overall, the number of antibiotic resistance genes didn’t differ between groups, but the types and resistance mechanisms did. The preterm infants not given probiotics had over 80 antibiotic resistance genes unique to their group and had more genes associated with antibiotic inactivation mechanisms than the other groups..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem. By the year 2050, more than 10 million people are expected to die from resistant infections. How are researchers tackling that problem? One team is looking at the gut bacteria found in migratory birds. Migratory birds acquire and spread antibacterial resistance genes from their environment with the gut microbiome, serving as a reservoir for these insidious genes. To understand the role of the gut microbiome, researchers gathered fecal samples from migratory birds and their favorite landing spots in China. Genetic analysis revealed 1030 distinct genes conferring resistance to antibiotics including tetracycline, aminoglycoside, β-lactam, and sulfonamide. While the microbes detected in the guts of birds were less diverse than those found in their surroundings, birds carried a greater number of antibiotic resistance genes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Trendy health foods are taking off in the United States, but one new trend may do more harm than good. Unpasteurized, or “raw,” milk is purported to have probiotic health benefits. Unfortunately, despite the proposed benefits, contamination with pathogenic bacteria has occurred. and little is known about the extent of antibiotic-resistant microbes present in raw milk sold at retail stores. A new study evaluated the microbiomes of cow's milk samples using DNA sequencing and metagenomics. including over 2,000 retail milk samples from 5 states – both raw milk and milk pasteurized in different ways. Raw milk samples had the highest prevalence of viable bacteria, with Pseudomonadaceae dominating. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria levels were limited in raw milk, and storage outside of a refrigerator dramatically increased bacterial populations expressing antibiotic-resistance genes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Advances in metagenomic sequencing have allowed for the identification of countless novel bacterial taxa in environmental samples. However, due to a lack of appropriate computational tools, the plasmids contained by many of these bacteria have received far less attention. That has restricted research into the important genetic processes plasmids are responsible for, such as horizontal gene transfer and antibiotic resistance. To address this gap, researchers recently developed the Sequence Contents-Aware Plasmid Peeler (SCAPP). An open-source Python package, SCAPP builds upon a previously developed algorithm and uses biological data to assemble plasmid sequences from metagenomic samples. SCAPP was found to outperform existing metagenomic plasmid assembly tools when tested on simulated metagenomes and real human gut microbiome samples. SCAPP could also assemble novel and clinically relevant plasmid sequences in generated samples..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In the age of antibiotic-resistant microbes, developing new anti-infective alternatives is crucial. A new study takes a novel approach – turning our gaze back on the microbes that colonize us. Commensal skin bacteria are fundamental to maintaining the skin barrier and protecting us from pathogenic microbes. While dysbiosis of the skin microbiome is associated with diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, in healthy skin, skin commensals protect the host by supporting the immune system and impairing the growth or virulence of competitors. Researchers screened of over 3000 human skin isolates to evaluate bacterial competition. Their results revealed a strain of Staphylococcus hominis with activity against Gram-positive pathogens, mediated by a molecule called MP1. Using either a “probiotic” approach or nanoparticles could replicate the effect of MP1, reducing infection by the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in mice. While future studies will determine whether S..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Colitis and other diarrheal diseases cause serious health problems in dairy calves and are often managed by antibiotics. But heavy agricultural antibiotic use is a major driver of the global antibiotic resistance crisis, meaning there is a need for non-antibiotic therapeutics. One such potential therapeutic is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or its common formulation, ursodiol. UDCA is a bile acid with previously demonstrated effectiveness treating colitis but an unclear mechanism of action. In a multipronged study, researchers examined the microbiome and metabolic profiles of healthy and diarrheic calves and tested the impacts of UDCA and ursodiol in cell culture and mouse models. A core set of gut bacterial groups distinguished healthy calves from diarrheic ones and those beneficial groups were associated with microbial UDCA production, short-chain fatty acids, and other prebiotics. Further, in several cell culture and mouse models, ursodiol administration blocked bacterial growth and invasion..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.