This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Metabolic regulation is vital to maintaining energy balance throughout the body, and different cell types have different ways of maintaining this balance. CAMKK2 is an enzyme common to various cells that aids in breaking down glucose through cellular respiration, but the details of how CAMKK2 carries out that role in different cells remains unclear. To find out, researchers deleted the gene for CAMKK2 from human kidney and liver-derived cells. Deleting CAMKK2 significantly reduced cellular respiration in both cell types versus parental cells. However, isolated mitochondrial respiration increased in kidney cells but decreased in liver cells. Proteomic analysis traced this difference to translational and transcriptional changes in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). SDH is the only enzyme complex that participates in both the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Removing or overexpressing SDH subunit B in CAMKK2-deleted cells confirmed the functional link between SDH and CAMKK2..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"CCL2 is a small cell-signaling protein that recruits immune cells to sites of inflammation. CCR2 is CCL2’s receptor. Together, CCL2 and CCR2 create an inflammatory and immune-suppressive microenvironment, which promotes tumor growth and progression and induces resistance to anticancer drugs. A recent review highlights research on the therapeutic potential of targeting this so-called “CCL2-CCR axis”. Circulating levels of CCL2 are particularly elevated in individuals with obesity. Studies on men with prostate cancer suggest that inhibiting CCL2 signaling can significantly inhibit tumor growth and invasion. More work is needed to differentiate natural CCL2 levels in patients from tumor-derived CCL2 involved in the formation and spread of tumors, which could lead to new ways of attacking cancer and cancer resistance..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer, and it is also one of the most deadly. People who take progesterone for hormone replacement therapy or contraceptive purposes may be particularly at risk. A new study showed that disruption of the intricate balance between two cell signaling cascades may be at least partly to blame. Progesterone is thought to trigger cellular responses by binding to either classic nuclear receptors or non- classic membrane receptors. Researchers showed that the genes CCM1-3 (which form the CCM signaling complex) mediate the crosstalk between the signaling pathways associated with these two receptor types. The signaling network involving progesterone, the CCM complex, and membrane and nuclear receptors relies on an intricate feedback system to maintain homeostasis, indicating that excess progesterone can throw it out of balance..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common malignant tumors in a type of gut tissue called mesenchyme. They’re caused by mutations that activate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) enzymes, and treatment with RTK inhibitors is initially successful, but over half of patients develop resistance, indicating a need for better treatments. Researchers recently investigated whether the drug THZ1, an inhibitor of the protein CDK7 that’s effective in other cancers, could help. They first confirmed that CDK7, which helps regulate the cell life cycle and gene transcription, was overexpressed in high-risk human GISTs. They also found that CDK7 overexpression predicted a poor outcome. However, low-dose THZ1 exerted pronounced anticancer effects in GIST cells both in vitro and in a mouse model. THZ1 also synergized with the RTK inhibitor imatinib to increase its efficacy..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"People can learn a lot from clinical trials -- like whether a new treatment works, whether it has serious side effects, or whether it would be cost-effective. How much a trial tells us, though, depends on what the researchers looked for and how they measured those outcomes. Unfortunately, people doing trials often don’t consult with patients -- or even with other researchers -- about what outcomes to focus on. With each researcher choosing their own outcomes to measure, comparisons between trials are difficult, and without input from patients, the most relevant ones are sometimes missed. It’s increasingly clear that selecting relevant outcomes is an important part of trial design, and that standardization could get more out of each trial, reduce waste in research, and move science and health care forward faster. To help, the COMET Initiative has written a new handbook on how to choose the most important outcomes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Microbiomes are more than just prokaryotes and viruses; they also contain important eukaryotes, including fungi and protists. However, eukaryotes are difficult to study using ‘shotgun’ metagenomics, as their signal is often overwhelmed by the prokaryotes. Some methods use eukaryote-specific marker genes, but they can’t detect eukaryotes that aren’t in the reference marker gene set, and such methods are not compatible with web-based tools for downstream analysis. But CORRAL (Clustering Of Related Reference ALignments) is designed to close those gaps. CORRAL identifies eukaryotes in metagenomic data based on alignments to eukaryote-specific marker genes and Markov clustering. It can detect microbial eukaryotes that are not included in the marker gene reference set. The process is even automated and can be carried out at scale. A recent paper demonstrates CORRAL’s sensitivity and accuracy with simulated datasets, mock community standards, and human microbiome datasets..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most common lung cancer, is also the most lethal cancer worldwide. The protein CPNE1 has been found to promote NSCLC, but it’s not clear how. To find out, researchers recently manipulated CPNE1 expression in NSCLC cells in vitro. CPNE1 overexpression activated cancer progression processes, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and MET signaling, while CPNE1 silencing produced the opposite effects. Silencing RACK1, another cancer-driving protein, suppressed the tumor formation and MET signaling activation caused by CPNE1 overexpression, confirming that RACK1 mediates CPNE1-induced cancer progression and suggesting that MET is involved. Since CPNE1 is also believed to activate EGFR signaling, the researchers tested the effects of both MET and EGFR inhibition on NSCLC tumors in mice..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The ubiquitous second messenger calcium (Ca2+) interacts with numerous cellular proteins to regulate physiological processes. Ca2+ also participates in a variety of diseases, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV infection is a major cause of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent studies have demonstrated that HBV infection elevates levels of intracellular Ca2+ and this elevation is primarily dependent on the HBV protein HBX. The activation of Ca2+ signaling contributes to viral replication in HBV-infected cells. The importance of Ca2+ signaling in HBV infection makes controlling intracellular Ca2+ a promising therapeutic target. Early studies have suggested that binding cytosolic Ca2+ or inhibiting Ca2+ channels reduces viral replication, but current research is largely derived from in vitro cellular models and needs to be confirmed in animal models and human patients..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Resistance to therapy is a major hurdle in current cancer treatments. A major part of the problem is heterogeneity. Tumors, by their nature, have multiple cell lineages with varying characteristics. Among these are cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs can regenerate a tumor even after treatment kills many of its other cells. And they can go dormant, transport drugs outside the cell membrane, avoid apoptosis, and express resistance-conferring non-coding RNAs, all of which boost tumors’ resistance to treatment. A new review describes common CSC surface markers, deregulated signaling pathways, and resistance mechanisms as well as the status of research into CSC therapies. Current therapies targeting CSCs do not address tumor heterogeneity or the complexity of the tumor microenvironment..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Cancer-associated fibroblasts, or CAFs, make up 50 to 90% of a solid tumor’s volume. Embedded between a tumor’s core and healthy tissue, CAFs contribute to tumor initiation, progression, and invasion, and according to a new study, CAFs might also contribute to tumors’ ability to resist radiation therapy. Researchers coaxed CAFs to form by culturing normal fibroblasts with cancer cells from different tissues, including the breast, brain, lung, and prostate. Compared to normal fibroblasts, these CAFs showed less DNA damage from gamma ray radiation. This “radioresistance” was linked to DNA repair machinery deployed by CAFs. Treating CAFs with molecules inhibiting the repair of single- and double-stranded DNA reduced their defenses against radiation. Further insight into how CAFs communicate with surrounding cancer cells and healthy tissue could prove vital, as it could help researchers and clinicians find ways to topple tumors’ defenses against anticancer therapies..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Despite better treatments, metastatic breast cancer remains incurable and is a major cause of cancer-related death. Cancer progression and metastasis involve multiple steps that are dependent on intercellular communication, but much remains to be understood about this process. A recent study examined one aspect of cancer cell communication: exosomes carrying microRNA (miRNA) cargoes. Researchers isolated exosomes from human breast cancer cell lines. Using cell migration and invasion assays, they found that the tumor-promoting capacity of exosomes was positively correlated to their cells of origin. The most differentially expressed miRNA was miR-7641, which could promote tumor cell progression and metastasis. Exosomal miR-7641 could promote tumor growth in a mouse model, and its levels were elevated in the plasma of patients with distant metastasis..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) plays essential roles in cancer development and progression. Exosomes mediate crosstalk between tumor cells and other stromal or immune cells in the TME, but how tumor-derived exosomes promote the progression of bladder cancer, one of the most common types of cancer, remains unclear. To find out, researchers recently examined the effects of exosomes extracted from the conditioned medium (CM) of MB49 bladder cancer cells. The researchers found that the cancer-derived exosomes were ingested by mouse macrophages both in vitro and in vivo and that they induced macrophage polarization toward the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. Exosome-secreting MB49 cells induced tumor growth in mice, but the exosome inhibitor GW4869 reduced tumor growth, macrophage M2 polarization and immunosuppression, confirming the pro-tumor effects of the cancer-derived exosomes..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Viral infection can be devastating. But some viruses are an important part of therapies for fighting diseases like cancer. Adenoviruses are one example – they deliver deadly payloads to cancer cells without harming healthy tissue. Or do they? A recent study suggests that adenovirus infection could promote the formation of glioma stem cells, the self-renewing cells that keep brain tumors alive and spreading. Experiments on glioma cells derived from human patients showed that adenovirus infection promoted the formation of tumorspheres, solid, spherical formations that develop from self-renewing glioma stem cells. When transplanted into mice grafted with glioma tumors, these formations promoted tumor growth. A closer look revealed three signaling molecules that adenoviruses activate during this process: TLR9, a pro-inflammatory receptor, NEAT1, a non-coding RNA frequently overexpressed in human tumors, and STAT3, a protein linked to tumor formation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Hip arthroscopy has gained worldwide popularity, but to achieve the best patient outcomes, some aspects of the surgery still need improvement. That includes better understanding of intraoperative labral and capsular management, particularly in the setting of a capsular defect. A new study in The American Journal of Sports Medicine aims to fill this gap. In the study, a research team from the Steadman Philippon Research Institute looked at the roles of the capsule and labral suction seal in maintaining distractive stability of the hip. The researchers specifically focused on the biomechanics of capsular reconstruction. To create a biomechanical model, capsular defects were made in eight cadaveric hips. Each defect was reconstructed using an iliotibial band allograft. Distractive stability was tested in the intact state, followed by the capsular defect state and subsequent capsular reconstruction state..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, fungi are essential for nutrient cycling, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus into the soil. In contrast, in marine environments, fungi are often considered to be associated with debris and less essential to the element cycle than other microbes such as prokaryotes and phytoplankton. A recent study sought to better understand the role of open-sea, or pelagic, fungi in carbon cycling in the ocean. Using multi-omics techniques and existing genomic datasets, researchers performed a global analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) – key enzymes in carbon cycling – in ocean fungi. They found that pelagic fungi are active in carbohydrate degradation, as indicated by a high ratio of CAZyme transcripts..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"For decades they’ve taken a backseat to their mineral counterparts. But today, organic materials are booming—not least of all for their applications in lithium-ion batteries. A new review article published in the journal ChemPlusChem discusses how one class of organics in particular is poised to yield high performance from a tiny but versatile package: carbonyl-based π-conjugated compounds. Like other organic materials, carbonyl-based π-conjugated materials present a unique and much-needed solution to the global energy crisis. Flexible, light, and naturally abundant, these compounds offer the prospect of nimble energy-storage systems with energy and power densities comparable to inorganic systems. What sets carbonyl-based π-conjugated materials apart from other organics is highly tunable electrochemical performance stemming from a versatile starting structure. The redox mechanism of carbonyls proceeds by a reversible one-electron reduction to form a radical mono-anion and the reverse reaction..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Being a doctor takes its toll. Demanding workloads and performance standards can be unremitting on all doctors. In obstetrics and gynecology, we often face unique emergencies and must make quick decisions. Unlike most other specialists, OB/GYNs must respond quickly to patient demands, operate confidently and skillfully, conscious of risk, and be “on" at a moment’s notice. Understandably, OB/GYNs report some of the highest burnout rates among physicians. It’s a long-standing problem that’s finally getting attention from the medical community. In 2017, the World Medical Association made a critical addition to the Physician’s Pledge: “I WILL ATTEND to my own health, well-being, and abilities in order to provide care of the highest standard.” We must acknowledge the unique expectations of birth and further investigate the rates and impact of burnout in RANZCOG trainees and specialists in order to safely deliver the next generation..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related death Early detection is key to beating the disease A lung tumour that’s detected early, before it grows too large or spreads to other parts of the body, can be removed by surgeons and essentially cured The problem is that early detection is tricky Most patients don’t develop symptoms until advanced disease has set in, and the most common screening methods can be expensive and impractical Scientists are working on a new blood test that could help The test can spot small bits of DNA floating around in the blood Cancer cells shed this DNA as they grow and multiply Preliminary tests in mice showed the test can detect lung tumours before they become malignant The amount of tumour DNA found in the blood went up as tumours grew, giving scientists an idea of how large a mass had become More work is needed before the test can be used to detect cancer in humans But the research suggests that spotting early-stage lung cancer may one day be.."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"A new study in rhesus monkeys clarifies one aspect of how the new drug cebranopadol relieves pain and finds that this effective analgesic has milder side effects than fentanyl and morphine. Pure mu opioid receptor agonists like fentanyl and morphine are the most widely used analgesic drugs in medical settings. However, their severe side effects and high abuse potential have prompted the need for alternatives. Treatment with drugs that simultaneously target nociceptin receptors and mu receptors has been shown to limit mu receptor-related side effects. Cebranopadol, an effective pain reliever in rodents and humans, targets nociceptin receptors and various opioid receptors. But whether the mu opioid receptor subtype is the most important for cebranopadol analgesia is unknown, and the associated side effects haven’t been investigated in nonhuman primate models. To better evaluate cebranopadol as an analgesic alternative to pure mu agonists, researchers compared it with fentanyl and morphine..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, plays critical roles in animal development and in repair of DNA damage. Since DNA damage is a major factor in cancer development, identifying the regulators of damage-induced apoptosis could help researchers develop treatments. A recent study investigated whether NHR-14, an important developmental protein in the model organism C. elegans, also contributes to damage-induced apoptosis . using mutant C. elegans that are especially susceptible to radiation-induced DNA damage. Deletion of the gene encoding NHR-14, which corresponds to HNF4 in humans, decreased radiation-induced apoptosis of sex cells without affecting the levels of normal (non-damage-induced) apoptosis, indicating a specific role in the damage-induced death pathway. Further exploration revealed that the NHR-14 gene acts “downstream” of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway and regulates the transcription of the genes egl-1 and ced-13 after DNA is damaged..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.