Systematic error, or 'bias' is of particular importance in any epidemiological investigation, and should be avoided wherever possible. Biases will reduce the validity of any results obtained, whether it be by overestimating or underestimating the frequency of disease in a population or the association between an exposure and disease. The forms of bias covered here can only be minimised through careful study design and execution - they cannot be accounted for in the analysis. Although confounding is considered by many authors as a form of bias, it can be accounted for during analysis, and so is covered separately.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"There’s a new contender in the battle for gender equality. An international team of researchers has recently uncovered an obstacle that those working in academia have unknowingly endured for decades: a bias against _research_ on gender bias. Just as female academics must navigate underrepresentation, wage gaps, and difficulties in obtaining grant funding, it seems that individuals _researching _these topics also face a lack of appreciation for their work. To reach this conclusion, the team performed an extensive analysis of articles on gender discrimination published between 2008 and 2015. For each article, they assessed two criteria related to peer review: the impact factor and whether grant support was received. To truly understand how these articles fared amidst the broader context of social science research, however, the team needed a suitable point of reference in the field. For this, they turned to articles on racial bias, which use methods and paradigms similar to those employed in gender studies..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Bibliography and additional materials that inform the practice of building high-impact introduction activities.

Within this collection you will find lessons, videos, handouts, and teacher guides you can use in your classroom.  You will also find a brief summary of each resource with the source sited for further exploration, appropriate grade level, approximate lesson length, and learning standards.

Bile formation is an osmotic secretory process that is driven by the active concentration of bile salts in the bile canaliculi. Bile acids are produced from cholesterol and prior to being excreted from hepatocytes are bound to specific amino acids allowing them to exist as bile salts. One side of the bile salt molecule is negatively charged (hydrophilic) whilst the other is hydrophobic allowing bile salts to form micelles once a certain bile salt concentration has been reached.

One of the greatest tennis players of all time and a Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient for her advocacy for women in sports and LGBTQ rights, Billie Jean King won 39 Grand Slam titles in her tennis career and led the fight for equal pay in tennis.

This resource is from a collection of biographies of famous women. It is provided by the National Women's History Museum, and may include links to supplemental materials including lesson plans about the subject and related topics, links to related biographies, and "works cited" pages. The biographies are sponsored by Susan D. Whiting.

The Bing translator can translate to and from 39 different languages. The program can translate words, phrases, idioms, and complete sentences with a high degree of accuracy. An audio component is included for English words. The most commonly used translated word is given for translated words and phrases, i.e. 'fill' for ___ instead of 'work'.

The course Bio-Inspired Design gives an overview of non-conventional mechanical approaches in nature and shows how this knowledge can lead to more creativity in mechanical design and to better (simpler, smaller, more robust) solutions than with conventional technology. The course discusses a large number of biological organisms with smart constructions, unusual mechanisms or clever sensing and processing methods and presents a number of technical examples and designs of bio-inspired instruments and machines.

Satellite observations that detect and map fires provide important insight into the widespread nature of fire activity around the world. This visualization, which shows global satellite observations of fires in 2002 and 2003, goes on to focus on a region where fire plays a dominant role in the landscape: Southern California. The wildfires that roared through Southern California in the autumns of 2003 and 2007 were particularly fast-burning and destructive because people have actively suppressed fires in the region where residential development is expanding further and further into wild land areas.

This Ology game site contains rules and a board for a board game dealing with extinction, particularly the modern biodiversity crisis. The players need to read endangered species facts from the board to answer questions on the spaces that they land in so that they can progress. Users can follow links to what to do and materials needed for the game.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The gut microbial community, called the gut microbiota, plays an important role in health for both humans and animals. The bacterial members of this community are the most numerous and consequently get the most attention in research. However, there are often overlooked but important fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa in the microbiota too. The fungal subset of a microbiota is called the mycobiota, and it is particularly understudied in birds. To close this gap, a recent study comprehensively characterized the mycobiota of chickens bred for meat. While gut bacterial communities typically stabilize with age, the chicken mycobiota was dynamic over time with no clear pattern of successive changes and low overall diversity. The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract mycobiota was more diverse than the lower tract mycobiota, and just 25 core fungal groups accounted for more than 85% of the fungal population in each section of the GI tract..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Biology is the science that studies life, but what exactly is life? This may sound like a silly question with an obvious response, but it is not always easy to define life. For example, a branch of biology called virology studies viruses, which exhibit some of the characteristics of living entities but lack others. It turns out that although viruses can attack living organisms, cause diseases, and even reproduce, they do not meet the criteria that biologists use to define life. Consequently, virologists are not biologists, strictly speaking. Similarly, some biologists study the early molecular evolution that gave rise to life; since the events that preceded life are not biological events, these scientists are also excluded from biology in the strict sense of the term. From its earliest beginnings, biology has restled with these questions: What are the shared properties that make something “alive”? And once we know something is alive, how do we find meaningful levels of organization in its structure?

The NBC2 Biomanufacturing Laboratory Manual is a companion piece to the Introduction to Biomanufacturing textbook. The lab manual is SOP-driven and follows the content order of the textbook. The lab manual guides students through hands-on laboratory activities, provides training on industry-grade equipment and introduces students to conducting experiments while following current Good Manufacturing Practices.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are part of the “soil” in which tumors grow. These cells have diverse origins and can interact with tumor cells in various ways, making it difficult to determine whether they’re friends or foes in cancer treatment. Detecting biomarkers can help address this challenge by allowing researchers to identify different CAF subsets. Several CAF biomarkers are associated with cancer promotion, such as FAP, vimentin, galectin 1, and osteopontin. For example, FAP increases cancer cell invasiveness and leads to immunotherapy resistance. Other CAF biomarkers are associated with cancer inhibition, like meflin, which is linked to a good prognosis in pancreatic and lung cancers. However, some biomarkers can either encourage or suppress cancer depending on the context..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This course presents a design philosophy and a design approach, dedicated to rehabilitation technology. This field was selected because of human-machine interaction is inherent and vital. Illustrative examples will be discussed by their entire design process

This semester, we will be implementing a group activity where we look at the histology for the leading causes of death while also exploring how these diseases disproportionately affect people of color in America. There are several components of this project that culminate in a video presentation that can be used to inform our Merritt and employer community about these diseases and how they negatively impact us. This project will be done in several steps or 7 Modules as outlined below. 

Biosecurity is an essential part of maintaining a herd's health as well as the profitability of the operation. This site provides easy to use and comprehensive resources for assessing the current biosecurity protections in an operation, an example of a biosecurity plan, a template for creating a biosecurity plan, and information on communicating to stakeholders about a crisis.