Duccio, Maesta (front), 1308-11 (Museo dell'Opera Metropolitana del Duomo, Siena) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker. During this period, and for hundreds of years, Italy was not a unified country, but rather was divided into many small countries we call city-states. Florence, Siena, Milan, Venice—these were essentially independent nations with their own governments—and they were at war with each other. These city-states also had independent cultures with their own distinct styles in painting and sculpture. Siena had a unique style that emphasized decorative surfaces, sinuous lines, elongated figures and the heavy use of gold. Duccio was the founder of the Sienese style and his work was quite different from the Florentine painter Giotto. Giotto emphasized a greater naturalism—creating figures who are more monumental (large, heavy and with a greater sense of accurate proportion) and a greater illusion of three-dimensional space.

Duccio, The Rucellai Madonna, 1285-86, tempera on panel, 177 x 114" or 450 x 290 cm (Uffizi, Florence) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

Duccio di Buoninsegna, The Virgin and Child with Saints Dominic and Aurea, c. 1315, tempera on wood, 42.5 x 34.5 cm (National Gallery, London). Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

This art history video discussion examines Duccio di Buoninsegna, Madonna and Child, tempera and gold on panel, c. 1300 (Metropolitan Museum of Art).

Marcel Duchamp, Boite-en-valise (the red box), series F, 1960 (Portland Art Museum) Speakers: Bruce Guenther, Dr. Beth Harris. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917/1964, porcelain urinal, paint, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Horse, 1914, bronze, 39-3/8 x 24 x 36 inches / 99 x 61 x 91.4 cm (Art Institute of Chicago). Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

This art history video discussion looks at Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain" (1917/1964). Porcelain urinal, paint (San Francisco Museum of Modern Art).

This art history video discussion examines Albrecht Dürer's prints: "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (ca. 1497–98) and "St. Jerome in his Study" (1514).

This art history video discussion examines Albrecht Dürer's "Self-portrait", 1498, oil on panel, 52 x 41 cm (Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid).

This art history video discussion examines Albrecht Durer's "The Large Piece of Turf", 1503, watercolor and gouache on paper, 16-1/8 x 12-5/8 inches / 41 x 32 cm (Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna)

Durham Cathedral (Durham, England), begun c. 1093. Speakers: Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Beth Harris.

William Dyce, Pegwell Bay, Kent - a Recollection of October 5th 1858-60, oil on canvas, 25 x 35 inches (Tate Britain, London) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

Dying Gaul, 1st or 2nd century C.E. (Roman copy of Third Century B.C.E. Hellenistic bronze commemorating Pergamon's victory over the Gauls likely from the Sanctuary of Athena at Pergamon), marble, 93 cm high (Musei Capitolini, Rome)
and Gaul killing himself and his wife (The Ludovisi Gaul), 1st or 2nd century C.E. (Roman copy of Third Century B.C.E. Hellenistic bronze commemorating Pergamon's victory over the Gauls likely from the Sanctuary of Athena at Pergamon), marble, 211 cm high (Palazzo Altemps, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome) Drs. Beth Harris and Stevene Zucker

In this art history video discussion Beth Harris and Steven Zucker look at Albrecht Dürer's "The Four Apostles", oil on wood, 1526. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.

East and West Pediments from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Archaic/Early Classical Periods, c. 490-480 B.C.E. (Glyptothek, Munich) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris & Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

Ed Kienholz and Nancy Reddin Kienholz, Useful Art #5: The Western Hotel, 1992 (Portland Art Museum) Speakers: Tina Olsen, Bruce Guenther. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.\

El Anatsui, Untitled, 2009 repurposed printed aluminum, copper, 256.5 × 284.5 × 27.9 cm as installed (Smithsonian National Museum of African Art) Speakers: Dr. Peri Klemm and Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

This art history video discussion examines El Greco's (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) "Adoration of the Shepherds", ca. 1612 - 1614, oil on canvas, 126 x 71 in. (319 x 180 cm), (Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid).

Eleusis Amphora (Proto-Attic neck amphora), 675-650 B.C.E., terracotta, 142.3 cm high (Eleusis Archeological Museum, Greece) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.