This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Our mouths are a vast jungle of microbial life. Here, more than 700 distinct types of microbes make their home, but not everywhere all at once. Each region (the tongue, teeth, gums, etc.) hosts a unique community of microorganisms. To explore this complex living structure, researchers examined the community of bacteria found in the dental plaque of 14 healthy volunteers. Samples indicated the well-known formation of intricate corncob-like structures, where a central filament made of cells of Corynebacteria (magenta) is decorated with “kernels” of spherical Streptococcus bacteria (green). A closer look revealed that these kernels can be composed of a single species of bacteria or contain mixtures of different species. The major corncob species were common to all 14 donors. Corncob composition likely was dictated by the metabolic and binding interactions shared between corncob residents..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Cancer occurs when the body’s cells corrupt normal growth pathways. One such pathway is the Hedgehog/Glioma-associated oncogene (HH/GLI) pathway. While the pathway is critical for normal development and health in mammals, uncontrolled activation of the pathway can contribute to cancer development. HH/GLI signaling has been implicated in a wide variety of cancers, making it an attractive target for cancer therapies, but side effects and drug resistance have limited the use of HH/GLI pathway inhibitors, and improved treatment strategies are needed. A new review examines HH/GLI signaling in the context of immunosuppression and immune evasion. Critically, HH/GLI signaling can impair the immune response against a tumor. Here, the pathway drives the formation of regulatory T cells and immune checkpoints, which effectively inhibit the anti-tumoral immune response. But at the same time, the HH/GLI pathway interacts with pro-inflammatory signals to promote the division and survival of cancer cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

Pocket pets are small animals that are commonly had as pets in households with children. This lesson explores the needs, conditions and housing for the different types of pocket pets. 

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"Medulloblastoma is the most common brain tumor of childhood. Precisely targeting the signaling pathways involved in medulloblastoma is needed to increase treatment efficacy. One promising treatment, inhibiting the protein Smoothened (SMO), downregulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway, but treatment resistance and severe side effects such as muscle spasms remain a concern for SMO inhibitors. In a new study, researchers sought to better understand Hedgehog signaling pathway regulation in medulloblastoma. Using quantitative phosphoproteomics to evaluate human medulloblastoma cells, they found that Hedgehog signaling via SMO affected ciliary assembly, trafficking, and signal transduction. Several signaling pathways were differentially regulated by SMO inhibitors, including ERK/MAPK, Protein Kinase A, and mTOR. These results help to elucidate the downstream signaling pathways triggered by SMO inhibitor treatment, providing important insight to help prevent adverse effects and therapeutic resistance..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.