T cells are long lived and are involved in cell mediated immunity. Functionally they are divided by the expression of CD4+ or CD8+ markers. CD4+ T helper cells recognise antigens bound to MHC II complexes and are involved with the control of intracellular and extracellular pathogens; they can interact with CD8+, NK and dendritic cells or with B cells. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells recognise the MHC I complex and destroy infected or neoplastic cells.

Rubric Element 1.3
The modality, or type, of instruction, is differentiated based on student needs, or ability.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"The enzyme NOS2 produces nitric oxide, a signaling molecule involved in processes like blood pressure regulation, immunity, and stem cell differentiation. NOS2 has three isoforms (NOS2-1, NOS2-2, and NOS2-3), but it’s unclear which one is expressed in differentiating human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which are important tools for regenerative medicine and research. To learn more about NOS2 in these essential cells, researchers recently examined public RNA sequencing data for hPSCs. They found that NOS2 mRNA was transiently expressed during differentiation of hPSCs into various cell types, such as heart muscle, cartilage, and pre-placental cells, and the specific isoform expressed, NOS2-2, had a markedly different structure than the common immunity-related isoform NOS2-1. In vitro, four separate hPSC cell lines transiently expressed NOS2 mRNA and protein while they were differentiating into cortical neurons, and further analyses revealed that only the NOS2-2 isoform was expressed in these cells..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.

This resource is a video abstract of a research paper created by Research Square on behalf of its authors. It provides a synopsis that's easy to understand, and can be used to introduce the topics it covers to students, researchers, and the general public. The video's transcript is also provided in full, with a portion provided below for preview:

"In nerve cells, the waxy molecule ceramide plays roles in both cellular differentiation and death, but a new study shows those roles could vary based on how ceramide is formed. Ceramide is generated via 3 pathways: newly from palmitoyl-CoA and serine, from the breakdown of sphingomyelin, and through the endosomal salvage pathway. Experiments showed that blocking ceramide synthesis did not alter ceramide levels in PC12 cells, which require nerve growth factor (NGF) to survive and differentiate, but blocking synthesis did decrease ceramide levels in TrkA cells, which differentiate spontaneously. Blocking sphingomyelin breakdown, however, inhibited differentiation and reduced ceramide in both cell lines. Without NGF, PC12 cells begin to atrophy and die, and preventing sphingomyelin breakdown did not protect them, but it did suppress rising ceramide levels to some degree versus controls..."

The rest of the transcript, along with a link to the research itself, is available on the resource itself.