Another satire on the 1838 New York mayoral contest, this time suggesting collusion between Whig candidate and incumbent mayor Aaron Clark and conservative Democrat Richard Riker. Here Clark sits on his stalled mare (center) as his rival Isaac L. Varian's horse makes off at left. Just visible, it trails a flag that reads "Regular Democratic Nomination! No Monopoly! Down with a monied Aristocracy!" Clark hands Riker a staff with a ram on its end, labeled "Lottery Office," urging, "Take my rod Dickey, and give her [his horse] another conservative poke, or it will be all Dickey with me!" Riker replies, "She'll go Aaron as soon as she feels her oats! If she dont I'll give her the six months!" A Jew stands at right thumbing his nose at the proceedings, "Shtop my friendsch I vill shave you shome troublesh . . . It ish moneysh vat maksh de Mare/Mayor go.!!"|Entd . . . 1838 by J. Fitzsimmons 97 John St . . . Southern District of New York.|Signed: Sheepshanks fecit 1838 (probably Edward Williams Clay).|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 56.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1838-7.

Henry Clay is the hunter, and various Democrats his quarry. Clay wears a fringed buckskin outfit and coonskin cap reminiscent of Davy Crockett and the Western characters of the contemporary stage, such as Nimrod Wild-Fire or Jibbenainosay. (In Bucholzer's earlier cartoon "Treeing Coons," no. 1844-20, James Polk wears a similar costume.) He grasps a rattlesnake with the head of incumbent President John Tyler. In his belt are two trophies, the Van Buren fox and Polk goose. He stands on the trunk of a felled "Hickory" tree (an allusion to Democratic patriarch Andrew Jackson), while an eagle hovers over him displaying a ribbon with the Whig campaign slogan, "Honor To Whom Honor Is Due." Clay says, "Thus perish the enemies of my Country, and of the People, who have honored me with their suffrages!" To the left stands Clay's running-mate Theodore Frelinghuysen, holding John C. Calhoun and Thomas Hart Benton by the seats of their trousers. He addresses Clay, "Here, noble Hunter! I have found two non-descript Animals! One of them is continually bawling about mint drops! and the other is yelling about disunion and nullification!" "Mint drops," slang for gold coin, were popular symbols of Benton's hard-money philosophy. Calhoun's leadership in the South's movement for nullification of the federal tariff of 1828 marked him as an advocate of disunion.|Entered . . . 1844 by J. Baillie.|Lith & pub by James Baillie 118 Nassau St. N.Y.|Signed: H. Bucholzer.|The Library's impression of "The Hunter of Kentucky" was deposited for copyright on August 23, 1844.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 74.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1844-39.

A tableau dramatizing the brutal tactics employed by Zachary Taylor as commander of U.S. forces against the Seminole Indians during the Second Seminole War (1835-42). Taylor, on horseback at right, presides over a scene of devastation and carnage. Soldiers aided by bloodhounds relentlessly pursue retreating Seminoles, including a multitude of women and children who flee in panic to the left. A wounded dog lies on the ground in the lower right, while another lunges at the throat of a Seminole brave who shields a woman and child at left. A village burns in the distance In the center an officer standing with his back to the viewer points out the slaughter to Taylor, who exclaims, "Hurra! Captain, we've got them at last, the dogs are at them--now forward with the Rifle and Bayonet and "give them Hell Brave Boys", let not a red nigger escape-, show no mercy-, exterminate them, -this day we'll close the Florida War, and write its history in the blood of the Seminole--but remember Captn., as I have written to our Government to say that the dogs are intended to ferret out the Indians, (not to worry them) for the sake of consistency and the appearance of Humanity, you will appear not to notice the devastation they commit."|Entered . . . 1848 by James Baillie.|Published by James Baillie, 87th St. near 3rd Avenue N.Y.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 96-97.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1848-20.

The artist attacks abolitionist, Free Soil, and other sectionalist interests of 1850 as dangers to the Union. He singles out for indictment radical abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, Pennsylvania Free Soil advocate David Wilmot, New York journalist Horace Greeley, and Southern states' rights spokesman Senator John C. Calhoun. The three wear fool's caps and gather, like the witches in Shakespeare's "Macbeth," round a large, boiling cauldron, adding to it sacks marked "Free Soil," "Abolition," and "Fourierism" (added by Greeley, a vocal exponent of the doctrines of utopian socialist Charles Fourier). Sacks of "Treason," "Anti-Rent," and "Blue Laws" already simmer in the pot. Wilmot: "Bubble, bubble, toil and trouble! / Boil, Free Soil, / Ther Union spoil; / Come grief and moan, / Peace be none. / Til we divided be!" Garrison: "Bubble, bubble, toil and trouble / Abolition / Our condition / Shall be altered by / Niggars strong as goats / Cut your master's throats / Abolition boil! / We divide the spoil." Greeley: "Bubble, buble [sic], toil and trouble! / Fourierism / War and schism / Till disunion come!" In the background, stands the aging John Calhoun. He announces, "For success to the whole mixture, we invoke our great patron Saint Benedict Arnold." The latter rises from the fire under the pot, commending them, "Well done, good and faithful servants!"|Entered . . . 1850 by J. Baillie.|Published by James Bailley, 87th St. near 3d. Avenue, N.Y.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 101.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1850-7.

An optimistic Unionist boast, issued early in Lincoln's presidency, predicting the summary defeat of the Confederacy. Abraham Lincoln (at left) stands over the shield of the United States and a bald eagle, and fends off the sword of a bewhiskered secessionist. To the far left Lincoln's predecessor James Buchanan flees, saying, "I am glad I am out of the scrape!" He wears horns and has the words "Something rotten in Denmark" written on his clothing. Lincoln declares, "Just in time!" The secessionist wears a large-brimmed planter's hat, and has a pistol in his belt. He says, "Now or never" as his troops retreat into the background. Behind him federal troops under Union commander Winfield Scott approach. Scott says, "This is the way we serve all Traitors!" His lead soldier, holding up a noose, responds, "I am ready!" Behind are more Union troops, and a gallows. A domed building, possibly the Capitol at Washington, appears in the distance at left.|Copyright secured by Carl Anton, Cincinnati.|The print was deposited for copyright in the District Court for Cincinnati on May 24, 1861.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 126.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1861-27.

The learner will apply ideas of self-government as expressed in America's founding documents. The students will be able to isolate and analyze the main idea(s) in a historical document and re-write the main theme of the document in common grammatically correct language. This lesson plan was established for a block schedule and to meet the regular education English/History objectives for SLD students as well as other exceptional students.

Students will identify how Martin Luther King Jr's dream of nonviolent conflict-resolution is reinterpreted in modern texts. Homework is differentiated to prompt discussion on how nonviolence is portrayed through characterization and conflict. Students will be formally assessed on a thesis essay that addresses the Six Kingian Principles of Nonviolence.

McClellan, in the character of Hamlet stands near an open grave holding the head of Abraham Lincoln. He soliloquizes, "I knew him, Horatio: A fellow of infinite jest . . . Where be your gibes now?" The cartoon evidently appeared following publication in the "New York World" of a scandalous but fabricated account of callous levity displayed by Lincoln while touring the battlefield at Antietam. (See also "The Commander-in-Chief conciliating the Soldier's Votes," no. 1864-31.) McClellan's lines here come from "Hamlet," act 4, scene 1, which takes place in a graveyard, where a gravedigger throws up the skull of Yorick, the king's jester. Hamlet picks up the skull and meditates on the nature of life. At left are the words, "Chicago Nominee," referring to McClellan. At right an Irish gravedigger pauses in his work. Horatio (far right) is New York governor and prominent Peace Democrat Horatio Seymour. The White House is visible in the distance.|Probably published by Thomas W. Strong, N.Y.|Signed: Howard Del [i.e. J.H. Howard].|Title appears as it is written on the item.|"The Lincoln Image," p. 133.|Lorant, p. 265.|Weitenkampf, p. 146.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1864-33.

Title appears as it is written on the item.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)

A burlesque history of the Jackson administration, with particular reference to his campaign to destroy the Bank of the United States. The narrative, in a series of twelve episodes, is based on Cervantes's "Don Quixote," which recounts the adventures of the don (here Jackson) and his squire Sancho Panza (here Jackson's vice president and successor Martin Van Buren). The episodes are as follows: 1. Jackson as Don Quixote, "redresser of grievances, the writer righter of wrongs," sits meditating in his study. A pair of military boots hover in the air at left. On the walls are portraits of Nero and Dionysus. 2. Jackson/Quixote kneels to receive his Doctor of Laws degree to the obvious amusement of several onlookers. 3. He attempts to thrash sacks of money labeled "U. S. Deposits" in a "certain public house" (the Bank of the United States) but is restrained by Bank president Nicholas Biddle and by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, the latter shielding the sacks with the Constitution. This is a reference to the conflict over Jackson's 1833 order for the removal of federal deposits from the Bank. 4. He confronts a crowd bearing signs reading "Petitions for the restoration of deposits," "N. York Mechanics" and "Virginia Resolves," reflecting public protestation of the removal order. 5. "Don Quixote's Attack on the Giants" shows him charging the United States Bank building, as Van Buren/Sancho looks on. 6. "Don Quixote's Interview with the Canon" has Jackson discussing his aspirations for "making myself an emperor" and furthering the career of Van Buren. The canon may be "Globe" editor Francis Preston Blair or influential adviser and strategist Amos Kendall. A painting of Jackson, titled "Washington 2d" hangs behind him. 7. "Don Quixote Chagrined at the statement of Nicholas" shows Jackson angrily confronting U. S. Bank president Nicholas Biddle with the latter's written refusal to "surrender the books & papers & funds committed to them [i.e., to the Bank] by Congress without a revocation by congress first." 8. "Private Confab between Sancho and his Master" shows Van Buren reporting to Jackson on his poor public image. On the table is a "Report of the committee on the removal of the deposits" and a copy of the "Globe" newspaper. 9. "The Don and Sancho with eyes and ears stopped mounted on their hobby [horse]" ignore the winds "pressures, petitions, failures," and "Virginia Resolves" blowing about them. Jackson is armored with kitchenware made by "B. K. & Company Washington." The armor symbolizes the insulating nature of the advice and influence of Democratic publicists and prominent members of Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet," Francis Preston Blair and Amos Kendall (hence "B. K. and Company"). The knight sits astride a wooden horse labeled "Great National Shaving Shop." 10. "Don Quixote Addressing certain Bound captives whose liberation he in vain attempted to accomplish" refers to the retention of the pension accounts for Revolutionary War veterans by the Bank. 11. In "Constitutional Insanity or the Don About to Figure it on Board Ship" Jackson says to Van Buren, "You must know . . . that this vessel [the Constitution] is here on purpose without a possibility of any other design to call & invite me to embark." 12. The narrative concludes with Jackson's retirement and Van Buren's inheritence of the problems of the presidency. "The Knight on his Way Home and Sancho in the High Road to Promotion" shows Jackson riding off toward his Tennessee estate, the Hermitage. Van Buren meanwhile is tossed into the air from a "Map of the United States 1837" held by several grinning men including (directly below the rider) the artist himself.|Clarence Brigham's tentative attribution of the print to David Claypool Johnston, cited by Weitenkampf, is undoubtedly accurate. The print compares closely to earlier comic etchings by Johnston, such as "Foot-Race" (no. 1824-4), and to his annual albums entitled "Scraps," issued from 1830-1849. Moreover, the self-portrait in the final scene is very similar to that which appears in the last vignette in the 1837 issue of "Scraps."|Drawn by David Claypool Johnston, Boston.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Johnson, no. 51.|Weitenkampf, p. 50.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1837-2.

Massachusetts senator and prominent antislavery advocate Charles Sumner is attacked here. The artist questions his sincerity as a humanitarian as he shows him dispensing a few coins to a black child on the street, while ignoring the appeal of a ragged white urchin. The scene is witnessed by two stylishly dressed young women. Though unsigned, the print has the relatively skillful draftsmanship and atmospheric quality found in the works of Boston lithographer Fabronius. See, for instance, that artist's "The Mower" (no. 1863-14). "The Secession Bubble" (no. 1862-12) also appears to be by Fabronius. Weitenkampf gives the 1862 date and publisher's imprint.|Boston. Published by G.W. Cottrell. |Probably drawn by Dominique C. Fabronius.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 136.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1862-11.

This lesson focuses on the American Revolution, which encouraged the founding fathers' desire to create a government that would, as stated in the Preamble, insure domestic tranquility and provide for the common defense. This lesson correlates to the National History Standards and the National Standards for Civics and Social Sciences.

Caricature of 12 weeping women in large bed, with boots of Brigham Young at the foot and his hat at the head.|Printed by Mayer, Merkel & Ottmann, Lith., 22-24 Church St., N.Y.|Signed in stone: J. Keppler.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)

Inaugural address of Governor George Wallace, which was delivered at the Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama on January 14, 1963. In the speech Wallace makes his famous statement against integration: "Today I have stood, where once Jefferson Davis stood, and took an oath to my people. It is very appropriate that from this Cradle of the Confederacy, this very Heart of the Great Anglo-Saxon Southland, that today we sound the drum for freedom as have our generations of forebears before us done, time and again through history. Let us rise to the call of freedom-loving blood that is in us and send our answer to the tyranny that clanks its chains upon the South. In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny...and I say...segregation now...segregation tomorrow...segregation forever."

A broad satire, ridiculing all of the candidates in the 1848 presidential campaign. Swimming up "Salt River" and pulling the "Salt River Barge" is fox Martin van Buren. Seated in the barge are (left to right): Zachary Taylor, Taylor running mate Millard Fillmore, Henry Clay, Democratic vice presidential candidate William O. Butler, and presidential candidate Lewis Cass. Seated in the front of the boat and looking ahead through a spyglass, Taylor observes, "I say, Fillmore, I don't see anything ahead yonder that looks like the White House. The coast is very low & well adapted to Salt Works." Cass, at the tiller, says, "This boat carries Cesar and his fortunes. It cannot fail to arrive at its place of destination."|Entered . . . 1848 by J. Baillie. |Published by James Baillie, 87th St. near 3rd Avenue, N.Y.|Signed with monogram: H.B. (H. Bucholzer).|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 97.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1848-28.

A caricature of Martin Van Buren as an opossum. The marsupial, with a smirking Van Buren's head, rises on its hindquarters and displays in its pouch three of its "young." They are administration insiders (left to right): Thomas Hart Benton, John C. Calhoun, and Washington "Globe" editor Francis Preston Blair. |Drawn by Edward Williams Clay?|Printed & pubd. by H.R. Robinson, 52 Cortlandt St. N.Y.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 63.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1840-52.

AMH 2091 is an introductory-level survey course that provides an overview of the major events and developments in African American history, from Africa to the present. At its core, the history of African Americans has been connected to attempts to gain freedom. Starting with the West African empires, the course traces African Americans’ quest for freedom through the Slave Trade, Slavery, Reconstruction, the Jim Crow Era, World War I, the Great Migration, the Great Depression, and World War II. It then examines key political, social, and cultural developments of the post-war period focusing on social movements such as the Long Civil Rights Movement, the Black Power Movement, and Women’s Rights Movement. There will be an emphasis on learning the basic chronology and topics of African-American history, analyzing a range of primary and secondary sources, and practicing writing interpretive essays, using primary and secondary sources to support a clear argument.  Students can expect to dedicate 4 – 5 hours a week to writing. 

This collection of free, authoritative source information about the history, politics, geography, and culture of many states and territories has been funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Our Teacher's Guide provides compelling questions, links to humanities organizations and local projects, and research activity ideas for integrating local history into humanities courses.

An indignant James K. Polk takes issue with Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster's public attacks on his Texas policy. In 1844 Webster had been opposed to the annexation of Texas and in 1846 he criticized attacked the war with Mexico over Texas as highly unjustifiable. Webster's first public speech on the war was made in late June, and the print probably did not appear before that. In the center, Polk (left) confronts Webster, warning, "If you say the Mexican War is a War of my own makeing you tell a falshood!" Raising his fists, Webster retorts, "I did say it & say it again!" To the left of Polk stand Thomas Ritchie and James Watson Webb, newspaper editors supporting the administration. Webb holds a bottle of "Tom and Jerry" and a sponge, commenting, "Principles, not men!" The Whig editor had opposed the annexation of Texas, but once hostilities commenced he urged military action to bring about a speedy termination. Webb's insistence on "principles" reflects his uneasiness in an alliance with a Democratic administration which stood to gain politically from the conflict. Ritchie reassures Polk, "In Union [a double entendre referring to his newspaper the "Washington Union&1] there is strength, Nous Verrons!" To the right of Webster stand an unidentified man (probably another journalist) and Horace Greeley, editor of the New York "Tribune. "Greeley, who was severely critical of Polk's policies, holds a bottle of "Lemon Soda" and (like Webb) a sponge, and remarks, "I wish Dan had eaten more Graham bread he's too fat for Polk!" (Graham bread was a well-known Greeley dietary preference.) The unidentified man remarks, "A Daniel come to blows, if not Judgment." The sponges and bottles are apparently intended for the relief of the fighters, much as the port and the "Old Monongohala Whiskey" figured in Anthony Imbert's "Set to between Old Hickory and Bully Nick"(no. 1834-4), on which "The Issue Joined"seems to be based. The precise significance of the "Tom & Jerry" and "Lemon Soda" is unclear. "The Issue Joined"is executed in a style similar to that of Edward Williams Clay. The faces of the characters may in fact be attributable to Clay, but the drawing of the figures and costumes are not up to that artist's standard.|H.R. Robinson's Lith. 142 Nassau St. N.Y.|T.B. Peterson Agent 98 Chesnut St. Phila.|Title appears as it is written on the item.|Weitenkampf, p. 87.|Forms part of: American cartoon print filing series (Library of Congress)|Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1846-10.